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Level 2 > Developmental Events > Flashcards

Developmental Events Flashcards

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1
Q

What is there under-attribution too?

A

Changes that are likely the result of development, but that are interpreted as resulting from experience
e.g., RG, stranger fear

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2
Q

What is there over-attribution to?

A

The assumption that there are dog counterparts to constructs in human development such as adolescence.

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3
Q

Does a fearful animal always require a dramatic explanation

A

No! It’s easily installed! It COULD be from a bad experience.

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4
Q

What assumption do people sometimes make about RG

A

They came from a background of scarcity!
It’s a genetic program the switch is flipped at a certain age.

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5
Q

What is a critical period?

A

Time envelope during development where certain, key experiences are required. The brain is ripe when it’s finished - game over!

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6
Q

What is the current best hypothesis about the critical period?

A

Experiences are triggering/coordinating gene expression, which in turn influence brain architecture in ways that cannot be done at other times.

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7
Q

What is a critical period in dog training?

A

Socialisation

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8
Q

What is one of the most studied critical periods?

A

Development of song in sparrows

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9
Q

Scenario - take San Fransico Genes (sparrows) and rear in Hong Kong (hearing Hong Kong song) age 10-50 days.

What happens if the adult lives in London as an adult? What does he sing?

A

Sings Hong Kong Sparrow song

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10
Q

What does the Sparrow Development Experiments show?

A

The song isn’t dictated by your genes
The adult environment isn’t dictated by your genes

Song is determined by the song you hear between ages 10-50 days = critical period!

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11
Q

What happens if the sparrow lives in London long enough?

A

He gets a little London Vibe but still sings Hong Kong song!

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12
Q

If there is an event in the critical period is it fixed or plastic?

A

There is a little plasticity, it isn’t completely carved in stone.

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13
Q

What is a sensitive period?

A

A period where a little goes a long way (bang for buck effect)

Both a little good and a little bad go a long way!

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14
Q

Why are sensitive periods important to us?

A

There is a lot at stake if we miss the boat or there is a bad experience. Puppyhood is precious we need to get certain things accomplished and that he doesn’t have bad experiences.

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15
Q

What is the ethology meaning of imprinting?

A

Hard-wired cataloguing of features that represent a parent of mate

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16
Q

What period does imprinting fall in?

A

Critical period!

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17
Q

What types of imprinting are there?

A

Parental and sexual

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18
Q

What does imprinting not mean?

A

Bonding, social connection

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19
Q

When is the socialisation period in dogs?

A

3 weeks (21 days) - 12/18 weeks

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20
Q

How do we know when the socialisation period is?

A

Experiments based on extreme omission resulting in profound fear

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21
Q

Why can’t we determine when the socialisation period ends?

A

We cannot replicate the experiments in today’s world because it is unethical

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22
Q

What is the socialisation period?

A

A very sensitive, possibly critical period. we don’t have the exact answers

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23
Q

What are neonatal puppies?

A

v young pups - 21 days.

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24
Q

Are puppies completely deaf when they are neonatal?

A

No! They are closed/muffled. We also can’t read any reaction as pups don’t have the ability to show us much at this v young age.

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25
Q

What do we know about the socialisation period?

A

Its either a sensitive or critical period
The earlier the better!

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26
Q

What was not conclusive about the extreme omission in the socialisation period

A

Whether the extreme fear could be reversed with subsequent efforts

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27
Q

What 4 tasks are critical in puppies - before 12 weeks

A

Bite inhibition - you can’t soften up the mouth later on
Socialisation to people
Socialisation to dogs
Tolerance of novelty

28
Q

What are the sensitive tasks in pups? Before 12 weeks?

A

Body handling
RG modification/prevention
Obedience?
Problem-solving?

29
Q

Does early prevention of RG issues have a positive effect later in life?

A

No one knows! majority says prevention does help. you never get a false negative I,e. if a dog doesn’t RG is that because they don’t have the software or was it the prevention exercises?

30
Q

Which 2 tasks is JD on the fence about “essential” tasks in the socialization period?

A

Obedience
Problem solving

31
Q

Do we want good problem solvers?

A

?! the jury is out!!!

32
Q

Why is it difficult to find out which tasks in the sensitive period are lore and which are true?

A

Ethics!

33
Q

What prognostic indicators are there - more difficult

A

Hard mouth
Poor client compliance
Strangers
Explosive/no threat
Larger dog
Refractory - poor curve

34
Q

What is a prognostic indicator?

A

The likelihood of a good or bad outcome in aggression and fear cases

35
Q

What are the prognostic indicators - less difficult

A

Soft mouth
Committed/compliant client
Food guarding
Protracted warnings
Smaller dog
Plastic dog - good learning

36
Q

What is a bigger dog???

A

> 30ibs

37
Q

Are the mouth and size of dog linked?

A

No, these are independent. Larger dog with the same mouth as a smaller dog, the smaller dog had the better prognosis. This could be because of human perspective of a smaller dog vs a larger dog.

38
Q

Which 2 things on the prognosis indicators are established/influenced during the critical period of socialisation in dogs?

A

Hard mouth - bit inhibition
Strangers socialisation

39
Q

Can we improve aggression prognosis in the critical period

A

yes, we can influence and socialise to strangers and teach bite inhibition. We should highlight these in puppy classes.

40
Q

What should we prioritise in pups

A

Bite inhibition
Socialisation to strangers

41
Q

What happens between ages 1 and 3 in most dogs?

A

Dog tolerance to play changes
they may:

1) Play less and less overall
2) Become increasingly selective about whom they play with
3) Become less tolerant of forward behaviour in other dogs

42
Q

Can we normalise less tolerance of “forward” behaviour in other dogs?

A

Yes!

43
Q

Do we want to manage or modify normal beahviour

A

yes sometimes!

44
Q

What sort of sound shyness is most sound sensitivity?

A

Primary sound sensitivity - they are sensitive to the sound itself. That sound is the aversive. it isn’t associated with something else.

45
Q

What is a secondary sound sensitivity

A

A -CER to a certain sound because it coincided with some other event. E.g. CC to fear a sound!

46
Q

Why can primary sound sensitivity sometimes look like secondary sound sensitivity?

A

It’s like an allergy, exposure to the allergen, or the sound, brings out the allergy or sound sensitivity.

E.g., multiple sensitization exposures which make it seem like a non-genetic origin.

It’s an example of genes interacting with the environment.

47
Q

Are genetic behaviours more difficult to desensitise

A

No it depends on the behaviour

48
Q

What is a feature of a black Russian terrier?

A

Slow maturing, very spooky

49
Q

At what age do social fears usually come on?

A

between ages 1 - 3, gradually

50
Q

Do spooky dogs/breeds present as normal puppies?

A

Yes! often they do

51
Q

Which type of dog should we prioritise socialisation for social fears

A

Spooky dogs.

52
Q

Is social fears onset abrupt?

A

No! It can seem abrupt because the first big-ticket display is labelled as the onset. But it will gradually come on and then plateau.

53
Q

Is social fear ever to do with a local event

A

Yes! But we can superstitiously label it as “because of” when it’s actually genetics. We need to be careful.

54
Q

What is “gameness” in a dog?

A

Really wants to fight. V hard to get him to stop

55
Q

What are the two presentations of gameness?

A

Early onset
Late onset

56
Q

When do we see late onset in gameness

A

between ages 1 - 3 regardless of socialisation efforts

57
Q

What do we see with early onset gameness?

A

Very scrappy in litters, scars, injuries sometimes need to be separated from litter mates .

58
Q

What would we advise someone who wants to adopt a dog breed known to be game?

A

Adopt after age 3 with no dog dog aggression history. Should be a known player.

59
Q

When is female housemate agg likelty to appear?

A

Younger of the 2 females reaching ages 1 - 3

60
Q

What do you see in female housemate agg?

A

Trend towards more injurious fights, often with minimal or fuzzy antecedent (trigger)

61
Q

What can happen in female housemate agg in regards to abi?

A

Dogs who prev. had good mouths getting more and more injurious fights

62
Q

What are the options for female housemate agg?

A

Management.

63
Q

Why is mgmt the option for female housemate agg?

A

The stakes of injury are high
Impossible to achieve 100% with b-mod we cannot risk another fight.

Mgmt or placement of one dog is the best solution.

64
Q

Are female housemate agg dogs normally game?

A

no! they can sometimes live with friendly males and are fine on street!

65
Q

Is female housemate agg common?

A

no lots of female dogs live happily together

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