Evolution of cooperation

Question 1

Which science has a lot to say about behv?

Answer 1

Biology

Question 2

What is altruism??

Answer 2

A behv that benefits a recipient and that has direct fitness costs to an actor

Question 3

What question does Jean ask to help understand altruism?

Answer 3

Would you take a bullet for your dog?!

Question 4

Where do terms differs?

Answer 4

Biology, social sciences and everyday conversation

Question 5

What definitions do we take when looking at altruism?

Answer 5

Biology

Question 6

What is an actor in biology?

Answer 6

Individual doing the behaviour

Question 7

What is a recipient?

Answer 7

The individual affected by the behv of an actor

Question 8

What is social behv?

Answer 8

A behv that has fitness consequences for both actor and a recipient

Question 9

What is an example of social behv?

Answer 9

Actor - Person shots someone and steals their wallet
Recipient - Person who got shot/wallet stolen

What is this? Social Behv

Question 10

What is cooperation?

Answer 10

Any behv that benefits the recipient
a net gain in their fitness

Question 11

If the effect on actor is + AND
The effect on recipient is +

Answer 11

Mutually beneficial

Question 12

If effect on actor is + AND
the effect on the recipient is -

Answer 12

Selfish

Question 13

If the effect on actor is - AND
effect on recipient +

Answer 13

Altruistic
Superman?! makes for a good film!

Question 14

If the effect on actor is - AND
effect on recipient is -

Answer 14

Spiteful

Question 15

Actor/Recipient

Answer 15

+/+ Win win - mutually beneficial
-/+ Altruism - sacrifice to benefit someone else

Question 16

Cleaner fish plucking parasites/fungi out of the mouth of another fish

Answer 16

+/+ !!
Cleaner fish = actor
Fish = recipient

Cleaner fish gets food - gets enough to eat
Fish gets rid of parasites - avoid injury & disease

Question 17

Wolf pair bonds with another wolf & helps her hunt &/or rear offspring

Answer 17

+/+
Actor = male wolf
Recipient = female wolf

Male = reproduction - passing on his genes and getting enough to eat!
Female = reproduction/enough to eat

Question 18

Lassie - throw herself in front of a bullet

Answer 18

-/+
actor = lassie
recipient = timmy

Lassie = dead :(
Timmy = survival

Question 19

How does social behv play out in populations??

Answer 19

They all get along fine it’s woodstock. no significant price for either type

Question 20

What happens to the population if a +/- dog comes in??

Answer 20

the +/- dog wins and breed n

Question 21

How can the -/+ guys do well??

Answer 21

Protecting young - loudly feigning injury to ensure survival of offspring

Question 22

What is inclusive fitness

Answer 22

It’s not just about ones direct fitness, it’s about protecting the genes in related animals. It’s a net gain taking a bullet to lose 1 copy to protect 4 copies

Question 23

Who was WD Hamilton

Answer 23

UK Biologist who was a significant contributor to evolutionary biology and natural selection re behv

Question 24

Who was WD Hamilton

Answer 24

UK Biologist who was a significant contributor to evolutionary biology and natural selection re behv

Question 25

How can it be in an actors benefit to we have a cost to an actor?

Answer 25

Direct costs BUT outweighed by indirect benefits

Question 26

How does this explain you taking a bullet for your dog?

Answer 26

Mechanisms get it right enough of the time that they evolve.
Care of offspring misfire

Question 27

What is evolution in regards to a timescale

Answer 27

Massive! Eons of time!!

Question 28

What is behv re timescales?

Answer 28

Here and now!

Question 29

How can the capacity to learn be described re evolution

Answer 29

An adaptation to learn in real time that has evolved

Question 30

What parallel can we draw between behv & evolution?

Answer 30

Gene selection -> reinforcement/punishment of genes - with the genes that work getting stronger as they are passed through the population

Question 31

How do animals know they are related and therefore indirect benefits are relevant?

Answer 31

Genetic cues
Prior association
Limited dispersal

Question 32

What are genetic cues?

Answer 32

Being able to detect an individual with genes closely, moderately and very closely related

Question 33

What is limited dispersal?

Answer 33

Social groups not straying far fm each other e.g. trowbridge!!! therefore assumption anyone close is related to some degree

Question 34

What is prior association (shared environment)

Answer 34

People you grew up wt are treated as related - sibling like reactions