Evolution Test Flashcards
Define Evolution
The change in a species over time.
Who adopted the theory of evolution?
Charles Darwin.
What are the modern day examples of evolution?
- Insecticide resistance
- MRSA
- Bajau people
- Andes and Himilayans
- Lactose persistence
- peppered moths
describe the Galapagos Islands, why so diverse?
so many different habitat zones, that such diverse life has been able to form closely together. As that life ended upswitching between the islands for one reason or another over time, it only got more diverse.
Why were Darwin’s ideas so controversial?
His ideas threatened the views of the church (religion)
What did Charles Lyell propose?
Earth is much more than thousands of years old, and that over that time since the climate and environment changed, so did the organisms.
How did scientists help shape Darwin’s theory?
Helped people realise that Earth was much older than a few thousand years old, and that if the landscape can change, it only makes sense that the organisms do too.
Why do we study Lamarks wrong ideas?
Because he got people to consider that living things can, and do, change overtime
Define struggle for existence.
The competition for resources between organisms to live (both humans and animals)
Define natural selection.
The idea that organisms more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive. The ‘fittest’ live and the others die.
Evidence for evolution besides direct observation?
- Fossil evidence
- homologous and analogous structures
- biogreagraphry
- early embryonic similarities
Homologous structures?
Structures on related organisms that have different purposes.
EX, human hand, bats wing, whales flipper.
Analogous structures?
Structures on Unrelated organisms that have the same function
Ex. Birds wings and bees wings
What is convergent evolution?
Unrelated organisms in 2 different areas of the world, but have similar conditions so they evolve the same.
What is divergent evolution?
An example?
Start as the same species, but over time become more and more dissimilar.
* darwin’s finches
What must happen for a species to become 1 or more new species?
The gene pool must be seperated
How did the 13 species of finches distribute through to Galapagos?
- founder arrive
- geographical isolation
- changes in the gene pool
- behavrial isolation
-competition + continued evolution
Define species.
Groups of similar organisms capable of breeding together and creatinf FERTILE OFFSPRING (exchanging genes).
What are the 3 types of reproductive isolation?
- Behavioral (differences in mating)
- Geographical (physical separation)
- Temporal (different timing, like the orchids and cicadas) *T for time
Define gene pool.
The combination of all the genes present in a reproducing population or species
define allele frequency
The number of times an allele (a different “version” of a gene) occurs in a gene pool
What are the 3 sources of genetic variation? explain them.
- Mutations: An error causing DNA sequence to change
- Genetic recombination: Rearrangement of DNA when chromosomes break and rejoin.
- Lateral gene transfer: Genetic info transfers to an unrelated organism.
What are single gene traits?
- controlled by 1 gene
- usually 2 phenotypes
- more simple
What are polygenic traits?
- controlled by 2 genes
- variety of phenotypes
- many alleles
- more complex
define phylogeny.
The study of relationships between organisms and their evolutionary development.
*like the cladograms!
What is a clade?
group of organisms with a common ancestor.
what did Hutton propose?
proposed ‘deep time’; earth has been slowly shaped over time by geological processes
What did Lamarck propose?
- use and disuse
- inheritance of required traits
tendency toward perfection
What people can live high because of increased red blood cell production?
Andes people
what do cladeograms show?
how evolutionary lineagles split from each other over time
Fossils used as evolution evidence can be found where?
Amber, ice, cast + molds, and rock
What was different about the Galapagos Islands finches that made some successful on certain islands and others not?
Their beak size and shape
A(n) ___ is a heritable change in the structure of the DNA sequence
mutation
