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Hon Bio > DNA, RNA, Protine synthesis EXAM > Flashcards

DNA, RNA, Protine synthesis EXAM Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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2
Q

What are the 2 reasons why DNA is unique?

A
  • It holds our coded genetic information
  • It copies itself exactly
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3
Q

What are the building blocks (monomers) of DNA?

A

nucleotides.

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A
  • A phosphate group,
  • 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose),
  • a nitrogenous base.
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5
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases present in DNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and cytosine

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6
Q

What are purines? How many rings do they have?

A
  • They are Adenine and Guanine
  • 2 rings
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7
Q

What are pyrimidines? How many rings do they have?

A

Thymine and cytosine. 1 ring.

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8
Q

The double helix structure of DNA was discovered by 4 scientists - what are their names and what was the year?

A

Watson, Crick, Franklin, and Wilkins. Discovered in 1953.

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9
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff discover?

A

That the percentage of guanine and cytosine in DNA were almost equal.

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10
Q

What is the “backbone” of DNA made up of?

A

Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups

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11
Q

nitrogen bases are always connected to the (sugar or phosphate)?

A

Sugar

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12
Q

Name the complementary strands of a DNA molecule

  • Cat and ATT CCG
A

CAT = GTA ATT CCG = TAA GGC

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13
Q

What enzyme “unzips” the 2 strands of DNA in DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase

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14
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Links new hydrogen bonds to the old DNA strand

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15
Q

If one strand of DNA is ATT CCG, what is the other complementary strand of DNA?

A

TAA GGC

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16
Q

What are 4 differences between RNA and DNA?

A
  • DNA has 2 strands, RNA has 1
  • DNA sugar is deoxyribose, RNA sugar is ribose
  • DNA has thymine, RNA has Uracil
  • DNA is coiled, RNA isn’t
  • DNA in nucleus, RNA in cytoplasm
16
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA? What does each type do?

A

messengerRNA: Carries protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

transferRNA: Carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome

ribosomalRNA: Reads and links together the amino acid sequence.

17
Q

What is transcription? Where does it occurr in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?

A

The process of copying DNA to form RNA. Occurs in the nucleus.

18
Q

Briefly describe the steps of transcription.

A
  1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter site.
    2.DNA strand splits
    3.RNA polymerase makes a complementary strand.
    4.RNA reaches the termination site and the new strand is released.
    5.New strand exits through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm.
19
Q

What enzyme is responsible for transcription?

A

RNA polymerase.

20
Q

How does mRNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell?

A

Goes through nuclear pores.

21
Q

A series of 3 mRNA nitrogen bases that contains the information needed to make proteins are called what?

A

A codon

22
Q

What is the universal start codon and what amino acid does it code for?

A

AUG, methionine

23
Q

What are the 3 stop codons?

A

UGA - UAG - UAA

24
Q

What is translation? Where does it occur in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?

A
  • Proteins are made.
    The process of changing the new mRNA strand into proteins. In the cytoplasm.
25
Q

Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are called…

A

Point mutations

26
Q

Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as…

A

Frame shift mutations

27
Q

In what ways do most mutations change organisms?

A
  • Can give new beneficial traits (ex. Bigger plants)
  • Can give negative traits (ex. disorders)
  • Can change your amino acid sequence
28
Q

What are the 3 examples of gene (point) mutations?

A
  • Insertion
  • Deletion
  • substitution
29
Q

Insertions and deletions usually result in frameshift mutations. What does this mean?

A

The number of amino acids in a sequence changes, either by adding or removing one.

30
Q

What are the 4 examples of chromosomal mutations? Explain each.

A
  • Deletion: a base is removed from the sequence.
  • Duplication: one or more segments of DNA is copied.
  • Inversion: when a segment of the chromosome breaks off and attaches to the same chromosome in reverse.
  • Translocation: A chromosome breaks and re attaches to another chromosome.

Hon Bio (8 decks)

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