Evolution of genes

Question 1

What did Lamarck think caused evolution?

Answer 1

Environment directly changed organisms, and these changes were passed on.

Question 2

Who was the scientist who independently came to the theory of natural selection at the same time as Darwin?

Answer 2

Alfred Russell Wallace.

Question 3

Combinations of natural selection and modern theories of inheritance are referred to as…

Answer 3

Neo-Darwinism.

Question 4

Offspring inherit variation - this is known as:

Answer 4

Heredity.

Question 5

What is a balanced polymorphism?

Answer 5

Heterozygote advantage.

Question 6

What is it called when a trait rapidly sweeps to fixation?

Answer 6

Positive selection.

Question 7

What is it called when a trait is rapidly removed from the population?

Answer 7

Purifying selection.

Question 8

What is it called when mutations slowly drift to fixation?

Answer 8

Neutral evolution.

Question 9

What is more common - positive or purifying selection?

Answer 9

Purifying.

Question 10

Synonymous changes change the resultant proteins. True or false?

Answer 10

False.

Question 11

Non-coding changes are synonymous changes. True or false?

Answer 11

True.

Question 12

If the dN/dS ratio is above 1, what type of selection do we have?

Answer 12

Positive selection.

Question 13

Purifying selection will have what range of dN/dS values?

Answer 13

Less than 1.

Question 14

Studying the relationships between organisms is ____onomy.

Answer 14

Taxonomy.

Question 15

Studying the relationships between genes is?

Answer 15

Orthology.

Question 16

When not wanting to assume relationships in phylogenetics, what is the safest tree rooting method?

Answer 16

Unrooted.

Question 17

What rooting method places the root on the outgroup branch?

Answer 17

Outgroup rooting.

Question 18

When the two most distant nodes are equidistant to the root, what rooting method do we have?

Answer 18

Mid-point rooting.

Question 19

Bayesian methods of tree drawing rely on what?

Answer 19

Probabilities from evolutionary models.

Question 20

What tree-drawing methods require a pairwise distance matrix?

Answer 20

Distance methods.

Question 21

What tree drawing method requires informative sites?

Answer 21

Maximum parsimony.

Question 22

Which tree-drawing method is more relative/abstract - distance or maximum parsimony?

Answer 22

Distance.

Question 23

What tree-drawing method looks for the minimum evolutionary changes possible?

Answer 23

Maximum parsimony.

Question 24

To randomise alignment, making sure that our tree is the best, is known as?

Answer 24

Bootstrapping.

Question 25

What three factors drive morphological evolution?

Answer 25

1. Coding substitutions 2. Gene inactivation 3. Regulatory sequence evolution

Question 26

What mutation leads to colour change in rock pocket mice?

Answer 26

Regulation bypass at the MC1R receptor in melanocytes.

Question 27

Why would cavefish evolve blindness?

Answer 27

Energetic saving of eye reduction/loss.

Question 28

What regulatory genes in Drosophila massively impact body patterning?

Answer 28

HOX genes.

Question 29

What is the most common source of new genes?

Answer 29

Gene duplication.

Question 30

What is autotetraploidy?

Answer 30

The duplication of the whole genome.

Question 31

What is allotetraploidy?

Answer 31

The hybridisation of genes at the breeding of two closely-related species.

Question 32

Other than polyploidy, what are three possible gene duplication events?

Answer 32

1. Tandem gene duplication. 2. Transposition. 3. Retrotransposition.

Question 33

What is it called when a gene is accidentally added to its homologue during recombination?

Answer 33

Tandem gene duplication.

Question 34

What causes pseudogenization?

Answer 34

The appearance of a stop codon.

Question 35

Neofunctionalization is when...

Answer 35

Either/both duplicates evolve a new function.

Question 36

Subfunctionalization is when...

Answer 36

Both duplicates divide the ancestral function.

Question 37

Same gene in different species - this is an:

Answer 37

Orthologue.

Question 38

Genes that evolve independently in divergence - these are:

Answer 38

Paralogues.

Question 39

Orthologues and paralogues are all homologues. True or false?

Answer 39

True.

Question 40

Orthologues are the result of speciation. not duplication. True or false?

Answer 40

True.

Question 41

Where is the Duffy receptor found?

Answer 41

Surface of red blood cells.

Question 42

Increase in Duffy protein -> more resistance to malaria. True or false?

Answer 42

False.

Question 43

What are the three factors that affect a molecular clock's speed?

Answer 43

1. Mutation rate. 2. Functional constraint. 3. Generation time.