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Genetics > Evolution of genes > Flashcards

Evolution of genes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Lamarck think caused evolution?

A

Environment directly changed organisms, and these changes were passed on.

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2
Q

Who was the scientist who independently came to the theory of natural selection at the same time as Darwin?

A

Alfred Russell Wallace.

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3
Q

Combinations of natural selection and modern theories of inheritance are referred to as…

A

Neo-Darwinism.

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4
Q

Offspring inherit variation - this is known as:

A

Heredity.

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5
Q

What is a balanced polymorphism?

A

Heterozygote advantage.

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6
Q

What is it called when a trait rapidly sweeps to fixation?

A

Positive selection.

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7
Q

What is it called when a trait is rapidly removed from the population?

A

Purifying selection.

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8
Q

What is it called when mutations slowly drift to fixation?

A

Neutral evolution.

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9
Q

What is more common - positive or purifying selection?

A

Purifying.

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10
Q

Synonymous changes change the resultant proteins. True or false?

A

False.

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11
Q

Non-coding changes are synonymous changes. True or false?

A

True.

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12
Q

If the dN/dS ratio is above 1, what type of selection do we have?

A

Positive selection.

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13
Q

Purifying selection will have what range of dN/dS values?

A

Less than 1.

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14
Q

Studying the relationships between organisms is ____onomy.

A

Taxonomy.

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15
Q

Studying the relationships between genes is?

A

Orthology.

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16
Q

When not wanting to assume relationships in phylogenetics, what is the safest tree rooting method?

A

Unrooted.

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17
Q

What rooting method places the root on the outgroup branch?

A

Outgroup rooting.

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18
Q

When the two most distant nodes are equidistant to the root, what rooting method do we have?

A

Mid-point rooting.

19
Q

Bayesian methods of tree drawing rely on what?

A

Probabilities from evolutionary models.

20
Q

What tree-drawing methods require a pairwise distance matrix?

A

Distance methods.

21
Q

What tree drawing method requires informative sites?

A

Maximum parsimony.

22
Q

Which tree-drawing method is more relative/abstract - distance or maximum parsimony?

A

Distance.

23
Q

What tree-drawing method looks for the minimum evolutionary changes possible?

A

Maximum parsimony.

24
Q

To randomise alignment, making sure that our tree is the best, is known as?

A

Bootstrapping.

25
Q

What three factors drive morphological evolution?

A
  1. Coding substitutions
  2. Gene inactivation
  3. Regulatory sequence evolution
26
Q

What mutation leads to colour change in rock pocket mice?

A

Regulation bypass at the MC1R receptor in melanocytes.

27
Q

Why would cavefish evolve blindness?

A

Energetic saving of eye reduction/loss.

28
Q

What regulatory genes in Drosophila massively impact body patterning?

A

HOX genes.

29
Q

What is the most common source of new genes?

A

Gene duplication.

30
Q

What is autotetraploidy?

A

The duplication of the whole genome.

31
Q

What is allotetraploidy?

A

The hybridisation of genes at the breeding of two closely-related species.

32
Q

Other than polyploidy, what are three possible gene duplication events?

A
  1. Tandem gene duplication.
  2. Transposition.
  3. Retrotransposition.
33
Q

What is it called when a gene is accidentally added to its homologue during recombination?

A

Tandem gene duplication.

34
Q

What causes pseudogenization?

A

The appearance of a stop codon.

35
Q

Neofunctionalization is when…

A

Either/both duplicates evolve a new function.

36
Q

Subfunctionalization is when…

A

Both duplicates divide the ancestral function.

37
Q

Same gene in different species - this is an:

A

Orthologue.

38
Q

Genes that evolve independently in divergence - these are:

A

Paralogues.

39
Q

Orthologues and paralogues are all homologues. True or false?

A

True.

40
Q

Orthologues are the result of speciation. not duplication. True or false?

A

True.

41
Q

Where is the Duffy receptor found?

A

Surface of red blood cells.

42
Q

Increase in Duffy protein -> more resistance to malaria. True or false?

A

False.

43
Q

What are the three factors that affect a molecular clock’s speed?

A
  1. Mutation rate.
  2. Functional constraint.
  3. Generation time.

Genetics (9 decks)

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