Evolution and anatomy

Question 1

Posterior

Answer 1

Back

Question 2

Anterior

Answer 2

Front

Question 3

Dorsal

Answer 3

Top (like fin)

Question 4

Ventral

Answer 4

Stomach surface

Question 5

Medial

Answer 5

Middle

Question 6

Lateral

Answer 6

Away from middle

Question 7

Rostral

Answer 7

Nose

Question 8

Caudal

Answer 8

Tail

Question 9

Horizontal section

Answer 9

Transverse

Question 10

Sagittal section

Answer 10

Runs parallel to midline

Question 11

Coronal section

Answer 11

Headphone-like

Question 12

Hox genes

Answer 12

Transcription factors that activate other genes that in turn produce the segment structures of the body of animals

Question 13

Afferent

Answer 13

Information coming into brain

Question 14

Efferent

Answer 14

Information going out of the brain

Question 15

Bell-Magendie Law

Answer 15

Dorsal roots of spinal cord are sensory and ventral roots are motor

Question 16

Functions of Spinal cord

Answer 16

• Relay body info to brain
• carry brain info to muscles
• spinal cord behaviors (reflexes)

Question 17

Spinal Cord Reflexes

Answer 17

Stretch, stepping, placing, scratch

Question 18

What is the most simple behavioral circuit?

Answer 18

Stretch spinal reflex

Question 19

Paralysis

Answer 19

Loss of movement and sensation

Question 20

NOGO

Answer 20

Chemical secreted in adult spinal cord that prevents modifications by sprouting neurons from happening

Question 21

Dorsal part of brain stem is ________, and ventral part is ________

Answer 21

Sensory; motor

Question 22

Diencephalon is composed of…

Answer 22

Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

Question 23

Epithalamus

Answer 23

Seasonal rhythms

Question 24

Thalamus

Answer 24

Cortical relay system

Question 25

What does the Hypothalamus regulate?

Answer 25

1) drinking 2) eating 3) temperature 4) sleep 5) salt 6) sexual motivation 7) sexual behavior 8) stress

Question 26

When this is damaged, it results in aphagia...

Answer 26

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus

Question 27

When this is damaged, it results in hyperphagia...

Answer 27

Ventrimedial hypothalamic nucleus

Question 28

Mid brain (mesencephalon) is composed of...

Answer 28

Tectum and tegmentum

Question 29

Tectum

Answer 29

Sensory; comprised of superior and inferior colliculi

Question 30

Superior colliculus

Answer 30

Visual control (map of place)

Question 31

Inferior colliculus

Answer 31

Auditory control (map of sound frequency)

Question 32

Tegmentum

Answer 32

Motor; composed of substantial nigra and reticular formation

Question 33

Substantia nigra

Answer 33

Plays functional role in reward, addiction, and movement

Question 34

Damage to sunstantia nigra results in...

Answer 34

Parkinson's

Question 35

Reticular formation

Answer 35

Loosely clustered neurons amidst white matter; involved in sleep, arousal, attention, movement, and some reflexes

Question 36

Cerebellum is involved in...

Answer 36

Motor behavior, motor skill, and motor learning

Question 37

Forebrain (telencephalon) is made up of...

Answer 37

Limbic system, basal ganglia, and the (neo)cortex

Question 38

Limbic system

Answer 38

Personal memory (emotional processing)

Question 39

Basal ganglia

Answer 39

Reward and associational memory (reward)

Question 40

Neocortex

Answer 40

Creates reality (sensory and motor)

Question 41

Limbic system is made up of...

Answer 41

Hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate cortex

Question 42

Hippocampus

Answer 42

Memory and spatial navigation

Question 43

Amygdala

Answer 43

Processing and memory of emotional stimuli

Question 44

Cingulate (Limbic) cortex

Answer 44

Linking behavioral outcomes to motivation

Question 45

Basal ganglia is comprised of...

Answer 45

Dorsal and ventral striatum

Question 46

Dorsal striatum is composed of...

Answer 46

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra

Question 47

Ventral striatum is composed of...

Answer 47

Nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle

Question 48

Gyri

Answer 48

Bumps in brain

Question 49

Sulci

Answer 49

Cracks in the brain

Question 50

Lateral fissure

Answer 50

Divides temporal lobe from frontal lobe

Question 51

Ventral sulcus

Answer 51

Separates sensory area from motor area

Question 52

Functions of the cortex

Answer 52

``` Memory Attention Perception Awareness Though Language Consciousness ```

Question 53

Stepwise evolution

Answer 53

1) neuron and muscle 2) nerve net 3) segmentation 4) ganglia 5) brain