Evolution

Question 1

What are point mutations?

Answer 1

they occur when theres an exchange in a single nucleotide for another

Question 2

List and describe what types of point mutation subtitutions there are

Answer 2

sub
insertions
deletions
________drift

recombination
reassortment
defective interfering particles
___________ shift

Question 3

Frameshift mutations

Answer 3

Mutations from either insertions or deletions (indels) that occur in non-multiples of 3 that can significant alter tow reading frame.

Question 4

Silent
Missesnse
Nonsense

Answer 4

No biggy. AA in same group
AA swapped for AA in another group
Stop codon that can truncate protein

Question 5

Quasispecies

Answer 5

HIV example
one host
important in RNA v

Question 6

Recombinant

Answer 6

polymerase detach and reattach to new template
get mixed infections
occurs in seg and non-seg

Question 7

Reassortment

Answer 7

Segmented virus

creates new strains

Question 8

defective interfering particles

Answer 8

usually missing something
they need help from other viruses because they have mutant genomes. they need help to replicate.
They are also a resrouce center for other viruses to pick up new sequences because they’re being helped.
They’re playing an important role in the evolution of viruses.

Question 9

Discuss why do viruses mutate so fast

Answer 9

Generation time for viruses is immediate. Even if mutation rate is the same for DNA viruses, the fact that their progeny numbers are so much higher and time of replication, they are ahead.
Viruses can jump species. They can also mutate and reinfect. In some cases it can mutate inside the host and remain persistent. On the other hand, we can take this evolution to our advantage…..vaccines.viruses can be attenuated. But must be careful as viruses can mutate back to viruses.