Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

How is the fossil record bias ?

A

It only shows the remains of; hard body organisms , place of death.
It also is incomplete

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2
Q

Archaeopteryx and tiktaalik are examples of …

A

Transitional fossils

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3
Q

Name the 4 fossil types

A

Trace
Impression
Mould
Body

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4
Q

Name and explain the process whereby fossilization occurs

A

Mineralization.

Soil replaces decaying bone and forms fossil

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5
Q

Name and explain the 2 fossil dating methods

A

Relative dating - uses strata in rocks to determine age. Lower strata means older fossil

Absolute dating - based on ratio of elements present in fossil

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6
Q

A living fossil is…

A

A species that has been living on earth for millions of years

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7
Q

How can genetics be evidence for evolution?

A

All of life shares same nucleotides therefore all have same origin. We can trace ancestry through mutations and DNA changes

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8
Q

Name and explain the 2 ways in which we can “see” genetic evolution

A

Selective breeding. Choose desirable traits and cross genes.

Antibiotic/pesticide resistance. Evolve resistances over time

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9
Q

How can biochemistry be evidence for evolution?

A

Similar amino acids shows similar origins

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10
Q

How can geographical distribution be evidence for evolution ?

A

Pangea meant all animals could roam freely. Continental drift shows their distribution. Extinction of animals shows their ancient living conditions / habitats

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11
Q

Name and explain the 2 styles of evolution

A

Convergent. Species share similar functions but evolve along different paths

Divergent. Ancestor species gives rise to new diverse descendants that adapt to their environment

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12
Q

Name and explain the 4 methods of comparative anatomy

A

Homologous structures. Similar structure with different functions.
Analogous structures. Different structures with similar functions.
Vestigial structures. Structures that are no longer functional or necessary.
Divergent/ adaptive radiation. Evolution from common ancestor. Evidence in homologous and vestigial structures

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13
Q

How can comparative embryology be evidence for evolution

A

Development of embryo across different species is very similar. Therefore all began with one development and changed to suit it’s environment

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14
Q

What did Lamarck believe about evolution ?

A

Inheritance of acquired traits. Species can change phenotype during its lifetime to suit it’s environment and pass on these changes to offspring.
Also believed “use and disuse” theory whereby structures that are no longer used deteriorate over time

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15
Q

What did Darwin believe ?

A

Modification by descent or natural selection. Variation of traits caused by mutations , crossing over , RGS, IA. More desirable traits are selected for and non desirable traits are selected against. Traits are inherited through parents to offspring. Over time species adapt to suit their environment

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16
Q

What evidence do we have that evolution has occurred?

A
Fossil evidence
Genetics 
Biochemistry
Geographical distribution 
Comparative anatomy 
Comparative embryology
17
Q

What would one use for a pictorial representation showing relation ?

A

Cladogram or phylogenic tree

18
Q

Cladogenesis is…

A

Branching or adaptive radiation

19
Q

Anagenesis is…

A

No branching in a cladogram

20
Q

The two different types of evolution are

A

Macro and micro evolution

21
Q

Explain macro evolution

A

Evolution at a large scale that results in formation of new species
Evidence is in fossil record.
General trends include increased diversity and size.
Novelties include significant changes in evolutionary history like jaws or lungs.
Rate of change is gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

22
Q

Explain the difference between Punctuated equilibrium and Gradualism

A

PE is periods of stasis interrupted by sudden evolutionary change.

Gradualism is slow evolution

23
Q

Explain micro evolution

A

Evolution at a small scale. Evidence is in small genetic changes in species with fast generation time.
Results of macro evolution.

24
Q

Name the 5 causes of micro evolution

A

1) Mutation
2) Natural Selection
3) Non-random Mating
4) Gene flow
5) Genetic Drift

25
Q

Why is gene flow beneficial

A

Increased variation.

More varied genome.

26
Q

Why is genetic drift detrimental

A

Decreases variation.
Can lead to extinction.
Loss allele variation

27
Q

What can result from genetic drift ?

A

Founder effect and bottle necking

28
Q

Explain the founder effect

A

Small group of individuals in a population becomes isolated. Decrease breeding partners and variation

29
Q

Define co evolution

A

The evolution of 2 or more species together for the benefit of all each species

30
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

2 unrelated species evolve a function as environment changes. Eg butterfly and birds