Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Species vary locally

A

Closely related but different species occupying different habitat in same geographic area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Evolutionary theory explains existence of

A

Homologous structures adapted to different purposes as the result of descent with modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Evidence of common descent

A

Universal genetic code

Homologous molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Grants

A

Documented that natural selection in Galapagos finches takes place frequently
Variation within a species increases the likelihood of the species adapting to and surging environmental change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Variation

A

Raw material for natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Techniques of molecular genetics used

A

To form and test hypotheses about heritable variation and natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Natural selection never acts on

A

Genes because the entire organism either survives or doesn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Allele frequency has nothing to do with

A

Dominant and recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 sources of genetic variation

A

Mutation
Genetic recombination
Lateral gene transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

We are born with

A

Approx 300 mutations

Most heritable mutations come from genetic recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Independent assortment in humans results in

A

8.4 million gene combinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lateral gene transfer

A

Passing of genes from one organism to another that is not its offspring
Important in evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Number of phenotype a for trait depends on

A

Number of genes that control it
Single gene trait- 1-3 phenotypes
Polygenic trait- many possible genotype and even more phenotypes (bell shaped curve = normal distribution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Phenotypic ratios determined by

A

Frequency of alleles and whether alleles are dominant or recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Evolutionary fitness

A

Success in passing genes to next generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Evolutionary adaptation

A

Any genetically controlled trait that increases an individuals ability to pass along its alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Natural selection on single gene trait

A

Change in allele and phenotype frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Natural selection on polygenic trait

A

Affect relative fitness if phenotypes and can result in
Disruptive selection
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random change in allele frequency
Bottleneck effect
Founder effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Meiosis and fertilization by themselves don’t change

A

Allele frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hardy Weinberg principle

A

(Frequency of AA) + (frequency of Aa) + (frequency of aa) = 100% and
(Frequency of A) + (frequency of a) = 1
Genetic equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Conditions that disrupt genetic equilibrium

A 
No random mating 
Small population size
Immigration or emigration 
Mutations
Natural selection 
Shuffling of genes altering frequencies of alleles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Species

A

Population or group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Speciation in Galapagos finches

A 
Founding of new populations
Geographic isolation 
Changes in new populations gene pool
Behavioral isolation 
Ecological competition
Repetition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Molecular clock
Uses mutation rates in DNA to estimate that 2 species have been evolving independently
26
Neutral mutations
No effect on phenotype | Accumulate in DNA of different species at about the same rate
27
More differences between DNA of two species...
More time passed since they shared a common ancestor
28
Many different clocks which allow researchers to...
Time evolutionary events | Accuracy checked by trying to estimate how often mutations occur b
29
New genes can evolve through
Duplication and modification of existing genes
30
Homologous chromosomes exchange DNA during
Crossing over sometimes involves unequal swapping of DNA so one chromosome gets extra DNA varying from part of a gene or a full gene to a longer length of chromosome)
31
Extra copies of a gene can undergo
Mutations that change their function The original gene remains and is not affected Multiple copies of a duplicated gene can turn into a group of related genes called a gene family (produced similar proteins)
32
Hox genes
Embryo development and size and shape of structures | Small changes in activity during embryo logical development can produce large changes
33
Species vary globally
Seemingly similar but unrelated species living in ecologically similar environments
34
Early scientific names
Extremely long | Difficult to standardize
35
Linnaeus
Developed binomial nomenclature | 2nd part of scientific name is unique to each organism
36
Systematics
Naming and grouping organisms | Goal is to organize living things into group (taxa) with biological meaning
37
Linnaean classification system
Developed over ime into: Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom Strategy was based on similarities and differences which causes issues
38
Phylogeny
The evolutionary history of lineages | Goal of phylogenetic systematics- to group species to reflect lines of evolutionary descent
39
Larger tax on
Farther back in time members shared a common ancestor
40
Clade
Group of species that includes one common ancestor and all descendants Must be mono phyletic
41
Cladistic analysis
Compared traits to determine order groups of organisms branches off from common ancestors
42
Systematists cause about using absence of a trait in analyses because
Distantly related groups can lose same trait
43
Similarities and differences in DNA can be used to
Develop hypotheses about evolutionary relationships Makes evolutionary trees more accurate Used when anatomical traits can't provide enough evidence
44
How kingdoms changes
Plantae and animalia to Monera Protista fungi plantae and animalia to Eubacteria archaebacteria Protista fungi plantae animalia
45
Domain
Larger more inclusive category than kingdom Bacteria Archae Eukarya
46
Domain bacteria
``` Unicellular Prokaryotic Thick rigid walls with peptidoglycan and cell membrane Ecologically diverse Corresponds to kingdom eubacteria ```
47
Domain archaea
``` Unicellular Prokaryotic Live in extreme environments Many survive only in absence of oxygen Cell membranes of unusual lipids Kingdom archaebacteria ```
48
Domain Eukarya
All organisms with nucleus | Contains "Protista" plantae and animalia
49
Protista
Unicellular eukaryotes | Brown algae is multicellular
50
Fungi
``` Heterotrophs Cell walls with chitin Feed on dead decaying organism Secrete digestive enzymes into food source and absorb molecules broken down from enzymes Some are multicellular ```
51
Plantae
``` Autotrophs Cell walls with cellulose Photosynthesis through chlorophyll Nonmotile Sister group to red algae ```
52
Animalia
``` Multicellular Heterotrophic No cell walls Most can move Diverse ```
53
Carbon14
Limited to organisms that lived in last 60,000 years | Half life of 5730 years
54
Half life
Time required for half radioactive atoms in a sample to decay
55
Length of half lives and uses
Elements with short half lives- recent fossils | Long Half lives- older fossils
56
Geologic time scale
Time line of earths history Eons Eras Periods
57
More than 99% Of all species that lives on earth are now
Extinct
58
Macro evolutionary patterns
Grand transformations in anatomy, Phylogeny, Ecology, and Behavior, which take place in clashes larger than one species
59
Classification of fossils needed to
Learn about macro evolutionary patterns
60
Environmental conditions change
Processes of evolutionary change enable some species to adapt and thrive Some Clades are successful because of species diversity
61
Species diversity
Raw material for macro evolutionary change within Clades
62
Background extinction
Species become extinct because of slow process of natural selection
63
Gradualism
Evolution being slow and steady
64
Punctuated equilibrium
Equilibrium that is interrupted by brief periods of rapid change
65
Rapid evolution may occur after
A small population becomes isolated from main population
66
Adaptive radiation
Process by which single species or small group evolves "rapidly" into several different forms that live in different ways
67
Convergent evolution
Produced similar structures or characteristics in distantly related organisms (e. g. Mammals that feed on ants)
68
Co evolution
Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time
69
Earths early atmosphere
Little or no oxygen Composed of carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide and cyanide Oceans brown because of iron
70
RNA world hypothesis
RNA existed before DNA | Steps led to DNA directed protein synthesis
71
Microspheres
Some characteristics of living systems
72
Photosynthetic bacteria
Added oxygen to atmosphere Oxygen and iron in oceans lead to rust that sank and changed ocean color Color of sky changed
73
Endosymbiotic theory
Symbiotic relationship evolved over time between primitive eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells within them Prokaryotic cells evolved into mitochondria and chloroplasts

Bio (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions