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Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Species vary locally

A

Closely related but different species occupying different habitat in same geographic area

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2
Q

Evolutionary theory explains existence of

A

Homologous structures adapted to different purposes as the result of descent with modification

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3
Q

Evidence of common descent

A

Universal genetic code

Homologous molecules

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4
Q

Grants

A

Documented that natural selection in Galapagos finches takes place frequently
Variation within a species increases the likelihood of the species adapting to and surging environmental change

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5
Q

Variation

A

Raw material for natural selection

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6
Q

Techniques of molecular genetics used

A

To form and test hypotheses about heritable variation and natural selection

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7
Q

Natural selection never acts on

A

Genes because the entire organism either survives or doesn’t

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8
Q

Allele frequency has nothing to do with

A

Dominant and recessive

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9
Q

3 sources of genetic variation

A

Mutation
Genetic recombination
Lateral gene transfer

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10
Q

We are born with

A

Approx 300 mutations

Most heritable mutations come from genetic recombination

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11
Q

Independent assortment in humans results in

A

8.4 million gene combinations

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12
Q

Lateral gene transfer

A

Passing of genes from one organism to another that is not its offspring
Important in evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria

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13
Q

Number of phenotype a for trait depends on

A

Number of genes that control it
Single gene trait- 1-3 phenotypes
Polygenic trait- many possible genotype and even more phenotypes (bell shaped curve = normal distribution)

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14
Q

Phenotypic ratios determined by

A

Frequency of alleles and whether alleles are dominant or recessive

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15
Q

Evolutionary fitness

A

Success in passing genes to next generation

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16
Q

Evolutionary adaptation

A

Any genetically controlled trait that increases an individuals ability to pass along its alleles

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17
Q

Natural selection on single gene trait

A

Change in allele and phenotype frequencies

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18
Q

Natural selection on polygenic trait

A

Affect relative fitness if phenotypes and can result in
Disruptive selection
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection

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19
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random change in allele frequency
Bottleneck effect
Founder effect

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20
Q

Meiosis and fertilization by themselves don’t change

A

Allele frequencies

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21
Q

Hardy Weinberg principle

A

(Frequency of AA) + (frequency of Aa) + (frequency of aa) = 100% and
(Frequency of A) + (frequency of a) = 1
Genetic equilibrium

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22
Q

Conditions that disrupt genetic equilibrium

A 
No random mating 
Small population size
Immigration or emigration 
Mutations
Natural selection 
Shuffling of genes altering frequencies of alleles
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23
Q

Species

A

Population or group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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24
Q

Speciation in Galapagos finches

A 
Founding of new populations
Geographic isolation 
Changes in new populations gene pool
Behavioral isolation 
Ecological competition
Repetition
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25
Q

Molecular clock

A

Uses mutation rates in DNA to estimate that 2 species have been evolving independently

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26
Q

Neutral mutations

A

No effect on phenotype

Accumulate in DNA of different species at about the same rate

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27
Q

More differences between DNA of two species…

A

More time passed since they shared a common ancestor

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28
Q

Many different clocks which allow researchers to…

A

Time evolutionary events

Accuracy checked by trying to estimate how often mutations occur b

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29
Q

New genes can evolve through

A

Duplication and modification of existing genes

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30
Q

Homologous chromosomes exchange DNA during

A

Crossing over
sometimes involves unequal swapping of DNA so one chromosome gets extra DNA varying from part of a gene or a full gene to a longer length of chromosome)

31
Q

Extra copies of a gene can undergo

A

Mutations that change their function
The original gene remains and is not affected
Multiple copies of a duplicated gene can turn into a group of related genes called a gene family (produced similar proteins)

32
Q

Hox genes

A

Embryo development and size and shape of structures

Small changes in activity during embryo logical development can produce large changes

33
Q

Species vary globally

A

Seemingly similar but unrelated species living in ecologically similar environments

34
Q

Early scientific names

A

Extremely long

Difficult to standardize

35
Q

Linnaeus

A

Developed binomial nomenclature

2nd part of scientific name is unique to each organism

36
Q

Systematics

A

Naming and grouping organisms

Goal is to organize living things into group (taxa) with biological meaning

37
Q

Linnaean classification system

A

Developed over ime into:
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom
Strategy was based on similarities and differences which causes issues

38
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of lineages

Goal of phylogenetic systematics- to group species to reflect lines of evolutionary descent

39
Q

Larger tax on

A

Farther back in time members shared a common ancestor

40
Q

Clade

A

Group of species that includes one common ancestor and all descendants
Must be mono phyletic

41
Q

Cladistic analysis

A

Compared traits to determine order groups of organisms branches off from common ancestors

42
Q

Systematists cause about using absence of a trait in analyses because

A

Distantly related groups can lose same trait

43
Q

Similarities and differences in DNA can be used to

A

Develop hypotheses about evolutionary relationships
Makes evolutionary trees more accurate
Used when anatomical traits can’t provide enough evidence

44
Q

How kingdoms changes

A

Plantae and animalia to
Monera Protista fungi plantae and animalia to
Eubacteria archaebacteria Protista fungi plantae animalia

45
Q

Domain

A

Larger more inclusive category than kingdom
Bacteria
Archae
Eukarya

46
Q

Domain bacteria

A 
Unicellular 
Prokaryotic
Thick rigid walls with peptidoglycan and cell membrane 
Ecologically diverse 
Corresponds to kingdom eubacteria
47
Q

Domain archaea

A 
Unicellular 
Prokaryotic 
Live in extreme environments
Many survive only in absence of oxygen 
Cell membranes of unusual lipids
Kingdom archaebacteria
48
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

All organisms with nucleus

Contains “Protista” plantae and animalia

49
Q

Protista

A

Unicellular eukaryotes

Brown algae is multicellular

50
Q

Fungi

A 
Heterotrophs 
Cell walls with chitin
Feed on dead decaying organism 
Secrete digestive enzymes into food source and absorb molecules broken down from enzymes
Some are multicellular
51
Q

Plantae

A 
Autotrophs 
Cell walls with cellulose 
Photosynthesis through chlorophyll
Nonmotile
Sister group to red algae
52
Q

Animalia

A 
Multicellular 
Heterotrophic 
No cell walls
Most can move
Diverse
53
Q

Carbon14

A

Limited to organisms that lived in last 60,000 years

Half life of 5730 years

54
Q

Half life

A

Time required for half radioactive atoms in a sample to decay

55
Q

Length of half lives and uses

A

Elements with short half lives- recent fossils

Long Half lives- older fossils

56
Q

Geologic time scale

A

Time line of earths history
Eons
Eras
Periods

57
Q

More than 99% Of all species that lives on earth are now

A

Extinct

58
Q

Macro evolutionary patterns

A

Grand transformations in anatomy, Phylogeny, Ecology, and Behavior, which take place in clashes larger than one species

59
Q

Classification of fossils needed to

A

Learn about macro evolutionary patterns

60
Q

Environmental conditions change

A

Processes of evolutionary change enable some species to adapt and thrive
Some Clades are successful because of species diversity

61
Q

Species diversity

A

Raw material for macro evolutionary change within Clades

62
Q

Background extinction

A

Species become extinct because of slow process of natural selection

63
Q

Gradualism

A

Evolution being slow and steady

64
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Equilibrium that is interrupted by brief periods of rapid change

65
Q

Rapid evolution may occur after

A

A small population becomes isolated from main population

66
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Process by which single species or small group evolves “rapidly” into several different forms that live in different ways

67
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Produced similar structures or characteristics in distantly related organisms (e. g. Mammals that feed on ants)

68
Q

Co evolution

A

Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time

69
Q

Earths early atmosphere

A

Little or no oxygen
Composed of carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide and cyanide
Oceans brown because of iron

70
Q

RNA world hypothesis

A

RNA existed before DNA

Steps led to DNA directed protein synthesis

71
Q

Microspheres

A

Some characteristics of living systems

72
Q

Photosynthetic bacteria

A

Added oxygen to atmosphere
Oxygen and iron in oceans lead to rust that sank and changed ocean color
Color of sky changed

73
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Symbiotic relationship evolved over time between primitive eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells within them
Prokaryotic cells evolved into mitochondria and chloroplasts

Bio (10 decks)

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