Ch 4

Question 1

Tolerance

Answer 1

Ability to survive and reproduce under range of environmental conditions

Question 2

When condition goes beyond optimum range…

Answer 2

Organism has to expend more energy to maintain homeostasis, leaving less energy for growth and reproduction

Question 3

Habitat

Answer 3

General place where an organism lives

Question 4

Niche

Answer 4

Describes how organism interacts with biotic and abiotic factors
What an organism does
Range of physical and biological conditions in which species lives and the way it obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce

Question 5

Resource

Answer 5

Any necessity of life

Question 6

Abiotic factors

Answer 6

Physical aspects

Question 7

Biotic factors

Answer 7

Biological aspects

Example: when and how it reproduces, food it eats and how it obtains food

Question 8

Competition occurs when

Answer 8

Organisms attempt to use same limited ecological resource in same place and time

Question 9

Intraspecific competition

Answer 9

Competition among members of same species

Question 10

Interspecific competition

Answer 10

Between members of different species

Question 11

Competitive exclusion principle

Answer 11

No 2 species can occupy exact same niche in exact same habitat and time

Question 12

By causing species to divide resources competition helps determine…

Answer 12

Number and kinds of species and the niches they occupy

Question 13

Keystone species

Answer 13

Species that other species rely on in an ecosystem such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change dramatically

Question 14

Symbiosis

Answer 14

Any relationship where 2 species live closely together

Question 15

3 types of symbiosis

Answer 15

Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism

Question 16

Mutualism

Answer 16

Both benefit

Question 17

Parasitism

Answer 17

One organism lives on or in another and harms it

Question 18

Commensalism

Answer 18

One benefits and other is neither helped nor harmed

Question 19

Ecological succession

Answer 19

Series of more or less predictable hanged that occur in a community over time

Question 20

Organisms occupy different places because

Answer 20

Each species has a range of conditions under which it can grow and reproduce

Question 21

Ecosystems change…

Answer 21

Over time esp after disturbances as some species die out and new species move in

Question 22

Over course of succession…

Answer 22

Number of different species present typically increases

Question 23

Primary succession

Answer 23

Succession that begins in an area with no remnants of an older community

Question 24

Secondary succession

Answer 24

Occurs when disturbance affects a community without completely destroying it

Question 25

Succession doesn't always...

Answer 25

Follow same path | Climax communities not always uniform and stable

Question 26

Secondary selection in healthy ecosystems following natural disturbances...

Answer 26

Often reproduces original climax community

Question 27

Human caused disturbances

Answer 27

Ecosystems may or may not recover from extensive human caused disturbances

Question 28

Biomes

Answer 28

Described in terms of abiotic and biotic factors

Question 29

Examples of abiotic factors

Answer 29

Climate and soil type

Question 30

Examples of biotic factors

Answer 30

Plant and animal life

Question 31

Terrestrial biomes

Answer 31

``` Tropical rain forest Tropical dry forest Tropical grassland/savannah/shrubland Desert Temperate grassland Temperate woodland and shrubland Temperate forest Northwestern coniferous forest Boreal forest/ taiga Tundra ```

Question 32

Organisms within each biome can be characterized by

Answer 32

Adaptations that enable them to live and reproduce successfully

Question 33

Mountain ranges and polar ice caps

Answer 33

Not classified as biomes because they are not easily defined in terms of a typical community of plants and animals

Question 34

Aquatic organisms are affected primarily by

Answer 34

Waters depth, temperature, flow. And amount of dissolved nutrients

Question 35

Distance from shore can

Answer 35

Shape marine communities

Question 36

Water depth influences aquatic life because

Answer 36

Sunlight penetrated only a short distance through water

Question 37

Photic zone

Answer 37

Sunlight region near surface where photosynthesis can occur

Question 38

Aphotic zone

Answer 38

Below photic zone where photosynthesis cannot occur

Question 39

Benthos

Answer 39

Aquatic organisms that live in or on rocks and sediments on bottom of lakes, streams, and oceans Habitat- benthic zone

Question 40

Currents can dramatically affect

Answer 40

Water temperature

Question 41

Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into

Answer 41

3 main categories: Rivers and streams Lakes and ponds Freshwater wetlands

Question 42

Wetland

Answer 42

Ecosystem where water either covers soil or is present at or near surface for at least part of year

Question 43

Freshwater bodies

Answer 43

``` Stream Lake Bog Marsh Swamp ```

Question 44

Estuary

Answer 44

Special kind of wetland formed where river meets sea

Question 45

Estuaries serve as

Answer 45

Spawning and nursing grinds for many ecologically and commercially important fish and crabfish species

Question 46

Estuary bodies

Answer 46

Salt marsh | Mangrove swamp

Question 47

Ecologists typically dives oceans into

Answer 47

Zones based on depth and distance from shore

Question 48

Marine ecosystem zones

Answer 48

Intertidal zone coastal ocean Open ocean