Ch 11

Question 0

True breeding

Answer 0

All children have same traits

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

Study of heredity

Question 2

Hybrid

Answer 2

Kids whose parents had different traits

Question 3

Trait

Answer 3

A specific characteristic

Question 4

Gene

Answer 4

DNA code for a trait

Question 5

Allele

Answer 5

The gene options

Question 6

Fertilization

Answer 6

Sperm meeting egg

Question 7

Gamete

Answer 7

Sex cell (sperm or egg)

Question 8

Zygote

Answer 8

Cell when sperm and egg meet

Question 9

Gregor Mendel

Answer 9

Austrian monk born 1822
Studied genetics and taught high school
Keep meticulous quantitative data

Question 10

Gregor Mendel’s experiment on pea plants

Answer 10

Very short reproductive lines
Simple control of offspring
Many obvious traits
Able to selectively breed or self pollinate

Question 11

(Mendel’s crosses) p

Answer 11

The two parent plants

Two different true breeding (yellow and green)

Question 12

(Mendel’s crosses) F1

Answer 12

The first generation (p x p)

All offspring have same allele (green)

Question 13

(Mendel’s crosses) f2

Answer 13

Second generation (f1 x f1) 
1/4 of offspring have a different allele than parents (3/4 green and 1/4 yellow)

Question 14

(Mendel’s conclusions) An individuals characteristics (traits) are determined by

Answer 14

Factors (genes) that are passed from one parent generation the next

Question 15

(Mendel’s conclusions) an individual gets

Answer 15

One allele from each parent

Question 16

(Mendel’s conclusions) principle of dominance

Answer 16

Some alleles are dominant (always appear) and others are recessive (hidden by the dominant)

Question 17

(Mendel’s conclusions) Law of segregation

Answer 17

During gamete formation the alleles for each gene separate from each other, so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene

Question 18

Homozygous

Answer 18

Having two of the same alleles

Question 19

Heterozygous

Answer 19

Having two different alleles

Question 20

Phenotype

Answer 20

The appearance of the individual

Question 21

Genotype

Answer 21

The allies in their genes (DNA)

Question 22

Probability

Answer 22

The chance that a particular event will occur

Question 23

Allies are represented by

Answer 23

Letters

Question 24

Alleles (referring to Punnett square)

Answer 24

= genotype = phenotype = probability

Question 25

Genotype ratio 1:2:1

Answer 25

Always homozygous dominant : heterozygous: homozygous recessive

Question 26

Phenotype ratio

Answer 26

Dominant to recessive

Question 27

Two factor cross

Answer 27

A huge Punnett square with 4 columns and 4 rows | Looks at how two different traits are inherited together

Question 28

Dihybrid

Answer 28

Both parents are heterozygous for both traits | Phenotype ratio 9:3:3:1 ratio

Question 29

Independent assortment

Answer 29

Genes for different traits can segregate independently during formation of gametes (this gets way more complicated)

Question 30

Mendel's principles

Answer 30

Inheritance of biological characteristics is determine by individual units called genes which are passed from parents to offspring Where two or more forms (alleles) of the gene for a single trait exits, some alleles may be dominant and others may be recessive In most sexually reproducing organisms each adult has two copies of each gene - one from each of their parents. These genes segregate from each other when gametes are formed Alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of each other

Question 31

Incomplete dominance

Answer 31

Neither allele is dominant Heterozygous phenotype is a mix Example: red and white = pink (Allele letters are both capital)

Question 32

Codominance

Answer 32

Neither allele is dominant Heterozygous phenotype is a mix Example: red and white = roan(candy cane) (Allele letters are both capital)

Question 33

Multiple alleles

Answer 33

There are more than two options | Example = rabbit coat color

Question 34

Polygenic traits

Answer 34

Several genes produce many different traits Human skin color Four different genes control the trait

Question 35

Environmental affects

Answer 35

The environment can affect gene expression and influence genetically determine traits

Question 36

Meiosis

Answer 36

Process by which gametes are formed Contain half the normal number of chromosomes as somatic cells Known as "haploid" and number of chromosomes in this state is represented as "n = ____" Diploid number is represented as "2n = ______"

Question 37

Mechanics of meiosis

Answer 37

Cause genetic reshuffling to occur at random and can result in genetic reshuffling producing new allele combinations