Evolution

Question 1

Vertical gene transfer

Answer 1

The transfer of genes from parent to offspring in different generations.

Example sentence: Vertical gene transfer is a key mechanism in the inheritance of genetic traits.

Question 2

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 2

The transfer of gene between individuals in the same generation. Organisms such as prokaryotes can do this, allowing them to evolve quicker.

Example sentence: Bacteria can undergo horizontal gene transfer to acquire antibiotic resistance genes.

Question 3

Evolution

Answer 3

The changes in organisms over generations as a result of genomic variations.

Example sentence: Evolution is driven by natural selection and genetic mutations.

Question 4

Natural selection

Answer 4

Natural selection is the non-random increase in frequency of DNA sequences that increase survival and the non-random reduction in the frequency of deleterious sequences.

Example sentence: Natural selection favors individuals with advantageous traits for survival.

Question 5

Stabilising selection

Answer 5

An average phenotype is selected for and extremes of the phenotype range are selected against.

Example sentence: Stabilising selection maintains the status quo in a population.

Question 6

Directional selection

Answer 6

One extreme of the phenotype range is selected for.

Example sentence: In directional selection, a specific trait becomes more common in a population over time.

Question 7

Disruptive selection

Answer 7

Two or more phenotypes are selected for.

Example sentence: Disruptive selection can lead to the divergence of a population into distinct groups.

Question 8

Speciation

Answer 8

The generation of new biological species by evolution as a result of isolation, mutation, and selection.

Example sentence: Speciation is the process by which new species arise from existing ones.

Question 9

Isolation barriers

Answer 9

Prevent gene flow between subpopulations during speciation.

Example sentence: Isolation barriers play a crucial role in the formation of new species.

Question 10

Allopatric

Answer 10

Geographical isolation barriers, such as rivers, earthquakes, and mountains, lead to speciation.

Example sentence: Allopatric speciation occurs when populations are separated by a physical barrier.

Question 11

Sympatric

Answer 11

Ecological and behavioral isolation barriers, such as pH, temperature, and diet, lead to speciation.

Example sentence: Sympatric speciation can occur within the same geographical area.