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Higher Biology > 2.7 Genetic Controll Of Metabolism > Flashcards

2.7 Genetic Controll Of Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Simplify the ratio 64:4

A

16:1

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2
Q

What enzyme joins fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

A

DNA Ligase

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3
Q

Draw and label a nucleotide.

A

A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine).

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4
Q

Calculate 32% of 95.

A

30.4

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5
Q

Where do primers bind in DNA replication?

A

Primers bind to the single-stranded DNA to initiate DNA synthesis at the replication fork.

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6
Q

Name the two molecules that make up the backbone of DNA.

A

Phosphate group and deoxyribose sugar.

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7
Q

What is the average of 5, 6, 9, 2, and 4?

A

5.2

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8
Q

Explain how DNA polymerase adds free nucleotides.

A

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing strand using the base-pairing rules (A with T, C with G).

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9
Q

Name the proteins that DNA is packaged with.

A

Histones

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10
Q

Calculate the percentage increase from 50 to 90.

A

80% increase

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11
Q

Where does DNA replication happen in the cell?

A

In the nucleus (in eukaryotes).

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12
Q

What type of bonds hold the bases together in DNA?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

Name two energy sources for microorganisms.

A

Light and chemical compounds.

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14
Q

What is the advantage of producing secondary metabolites?

A

Secondary metabolites can help microorganisms defend against competitors and predators or can be used in industrial applications.

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15
Q

Why do microorganisms die in the death phase?

A

Due to a lack of nutrients, accumulation of waste products, and inability to divide.

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16
Q

What conditions should be controlled when growing microorganisms?

A

Temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and nutrient availability.

17
Q

Explain why Melvin does not have a nucleus and describe his organization of DNA instead.

A

Melvin could be a prokaryotic cell (e.g., bacteria), where DNA is in a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region rather than a membrane-bound nucleus.

18
Q

What is recombinant DNA technology?

A

It involves combining DNA from different sources to create new genetic combinations.

19
Q

What is a vector in recombinant DNA technology?

A

A vector is a DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic information into another cell.

20
Q

Name two types of vectors.

A

Plasmids and artificial chromosomes.

21
Q

What type of vector is used for large volumes of foreign DNA?

A

Artificial chromosomes.

22
Q

How are complementary sticky ends produced?

A

By using the same restriction endonuclease to cut both the plasmid and the gene from the chromosome.

23
Q

What is the role of ligase in recombinant DNA technology?

A

Ligase seals the gene into the plasmid, joining the sticky ends.

24
Q

What enzyme creates sticky ends?

A

Restriction endonucleases.

25
Q

Name a factor that can increase the rate of mutation.

A

Radiation or mutagenic chemicals.

26
Q

Why do scientists want to induce mutation in microorganisms?

A

To improve strains of microorganisms or to create new traits.

27
Q

What are the regions of vectors?

A

Restriction sites, regulatory sequences, selectable marker genes, and origin of replication.

28
Q

What is the function of a selectable marker gene?

A

It allows for the identification of microorganisms that have taken up the vector, often through antibiotic resistance.

29
Q

What is the origin of replication in recombinant DNA?

A

It allows the plasmid or artificial chromosome to replicate within the host cell.

30
Q

What is the function of regulatory sequences in recombinant DNA technology?

A

They control gene expression.

31
Q

What is a safety mechanism in recombinant DNA technology?

A

Genes that prevent the microorganism from surviving in an external environment.

32
Q

Why are recombinant yeast cells used in biotechnology?

A

They can produce active forms of proteins that bacteria might misfold.

Higher Biology (14 decks)

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