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Honors Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution

A

The process of change overtime, specifically, a change in the frequency of a gene or allele in population overtime

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2
Q

Natural Selection

A

Organisms that are best adapted to an environment to survive and reproduce more than others

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3
Q

What are the 4 steps of Darwin’s Natural Selection?

A
  1. Overpopulation
  2. Variation
  3. Competition
  4. Selection
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4
Q

Darwins Natural Selection: Overpopulation

A

each species produces more offspring than can survive

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5
Q

Darwins Natural Selection: Variation

A

Each individual has a unique combination of inherited traits

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6
Q

Adaptation

A

An inherited trait that increases an organism’s chances of survival

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7
Q

Why is variation important?

A
  • environmental changes
  • the more variation within a species, the more likelihood to survive
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8
Q

Darwins Natural Selection: Competition

A

Individuals compete for limited resources
- food
- water
- space
- mates

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9
Q

When does natural selection occur?

A

Competition - “survival of the fittest”

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10
Q

Fitness in Natural Selection

A

the ability to survive and reproduce

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11
Q

True or False: all individuals survive to adulthood

A

False

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12
Q

Darwins Natural Selection: Selection

A

The individuals with the best traits/adaptations will survive and have the opportunity to pass on it’s traits to offspring

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13
Q

True or False: Natural selection acts on the phenotype not the genotype?

A

True

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14
Q

What is descent with modification?

A

each living species had descended, with changes, from other species over time

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15
Q

What is Common Descent?

A

all living organisms are related to one another

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16
Q

Types of Evidence of Evolution?

A
  • Fossil Records
  • Transitional Fossils
  • Archaeopteryx
  • Homologous body structures
  • Analogous structures
  • vestigial Organs
  • Embryology
  • Biochemical Evidence
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17
Q

Fossil Records

A

a record of the history of life on earth

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18
Q

Transitional Fossils

A

Fossils or organisms that show the intermediate states between an ancestral form and that of it’s descendants are referred to as transitional forms

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19
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

missing link between reptiles and birds

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20
Q

Homologous Body Structures

A

similar anatomy in different types of animals because of an common ancestor

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21
Q

Analogous Structures

A

Similar features of different animals that have evolved due to convergent evolution.
When two different species live in similar environments, they often evolve similar

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22
Q

Do Analogous Structures share a common ancestor?

A

no

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23
Q

Vestigial Organs

A

“leftover” traces of evolution that serve no purpose

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24
Q

Embryology

A

embryos of all vertebrates are very similar early on

25
Q

Biochemical evidence

A

DNA with more similar sequences suggest species are more closely related

26
Q

Gene pool

A

the variety of genes that can be selected from an environments population

27
Q

Speciation

A

the formation of a new species

28
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period of time

29
Q

Macroevolution

A

Major changes among species occurring over a long period of time

30
Q

Pressures

A

drive change in a certain direction

31
Q

Recipe of Evolution

A

Variation→Pressure→Selection→Time

32
Q

Types of Pressures

A
  • Natural Selective Pressures
  • Artificial Selective Pressures
33
Q

Natural Selective Pressures

A

created by natural forces that exist in nature

34
Q

Examples of Natural Selective Pressures

A
  • Resource Availability
  • Environmental Conditions
  • biological Factors
35
Q

Resource Availability

A

presence of sufficient food, habitat (Shelter/territory) and mates

36
Q

Environmental Conditions

A

Tempture, weather conditions or geographic access

37
Q

Biological Factors

A

predators and pathogens

38
Q

Artificial Selective Pressures

A

created international or unintentionally by humans

39
Q

Example of Artificial Selective Pressures

A
  • International Artificial Selection
  • Unintentional Artificial Selection
40
Q

International Artificial Selection

A

A pressure that has been created on a population with an international effect

41
Q

Unintentional Artificial Selection

A

a pressure that has been created based on human action that has an unintentional effect on population

42
Q

Types of Selection

A
  • Directional
  • Stabilizing
  • Disruptive selection
43
Q

Directional Selection

A

Shifts the range of variation in traits in one direction

44
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Favors intermediate forms of a trait

45
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Favors forms of a trait at the extremes of a range of variation

46
Q

Sexual Selection

A

natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex. (matting)

47
Q

Species

A

A species is defined as organisms that can reproduce and produce viable offspring, meaning their offspring are also able to reproduce

48
Q

How does Speciation occur?

A

New species arise when populations are isolated in some way, different mutations occur and build in the two different groups

49
Q

Reproductive Isolation leads to…

A

speciation

50
Q

Patterns of evolution

A
  • Divergent
  • Convergent
  • Parallel
51
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Occurs when one species becomes two entirely isolated subpopulations and finally two new species

52
Q

what does Divergent Evolution lead to?

A

Homologous Structures

53
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Occurs when two different species that are NOT closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar enviroments

54
Q

What does Convergent Evolution lead to?

A

Analogus Structures

55
Q

Parallel Evolution

A

occurs when independent species acquire similar characteristics while evolving together at the same time in the same ecospace.

56
Q

Isolation Events (that lead to speciation)

A
  • Geographic Isolation
  • Behavioral Isolation
  • Temporal Isolation
57
Q

Geographic Isolation

A

a physical barrier that separates two groups of a population, such as a river, mountain range or ocean

58
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

two populations are capable of breeding but are isolated by difference in courtship rituals or other types of behavior associated with mating.

59
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

Species become isolated by reproducing at different times

Honors Biology (11 decks)

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