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Honors Biology > DNA, RNA, Mutations, and Protein Synthesis *FULL UNIT* > Flashcards

DNA, RNA, Mutations, and Protein Synthesis *FULL UNIT* Flashcards

1
Q

When and who discovered DNA

A

1869 by Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

DNA stands for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

DNA is…

A

a long thun molecule that stores genetic sequence, with two strands of DNA twisted - also known as a double helix

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4
Q

What are nucleotides made out of?

A

1 phospate, 1 five carbon sugar, 1 nitrogenous base

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5
Q

What is Adenine (A) complementary base?

A

Thymine (T)

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6
Q

What is Thymine (T) complementary base?

A

Adenine (A)

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7
Q

What is Guanine (G) complementary base?

A

Cytosine (C)

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8
Q

What is Cytosine (C) complementary base?

A

Guanine (G)

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9
Q

What are the support sides of the double helix made out of?

A

Sugar Phosphate

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10
Q

Every living thing as DNA, but how do they make different between species?

A

the number and order of the nitrogenous bases/nucleotides

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11
Q

Which direction the the two strands of double helix run?

A

Antiparallel

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12
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

The copying process in which DNA is duplicated before cell division

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13
Q

What are the 2 molecules called after being separated in DNA replication?

A

Parent and Daughter

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14
Q

True or False: Tha daughter molecule has the same amount of chromosomes as the parent Molecule?

A

True

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15
Q

Step 1 of DNA replication?

A

Separates/Unzips into 2 DNA strands

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16
Q

Step 2 of DNA replication?

A

Synthesize/duplicate a complementary DNA Strand

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17
Q

Complementary base of Adenine (A) for RNA?

A

Uracil (U)

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18
Q

What separates or Unzips the DNA Strand?

A

DNA Helicases

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19
Q

What attaches the complementary bases in step 2 of DNA replication?

A

DNA Polymerase

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20
Q

Step 3 of DNA replication?

A

Proofread

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21
Q

What is the chance of mess up during DNA replication?

A

1 per 10 million

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22
Q

What is the enzyme that proofreads the DNA strands?

A

Ligase

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23
Q

What is the Cell Cycle?

A

how cells reproduce

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24
Q

1st stage of Cell Cycle?

A

Interphase

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25
Q

What happens in Interphase?

A

Preparing the cell to divide.

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26
Q

What are the 3 subphases in interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

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27
Q

What Happends in the G1 subphase?

A

Gap 1 = Cell grows in Size

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28
Q

What happens in the S subphase?

A

Synthesis - DNA replication (Chromosomes are being duplicated)

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29
Q

What Happens in the G2 phase?

A

gap 2 = organelles are copied and cell prepares for division.

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30
Q

Where does the typical cell spend most of its life?

A

Interphase

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31
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

The division of the nucleus

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32
Q

What are the 4 phases of Mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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33
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

Stage of the cell cycle when the cytoplasm splits and two separate cells are made.

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34
Q

Who and when was the genetic code for protein synthesis found?

A

1961 - Marshall Nirenberg

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35
Q

What is a Gene?

A

a segment of DNA that codes a specific protein or trait.

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36
Q

What is Protein Synthesis?

A

The cells uses the genetic information in DNA to synthesize protien.

37
Q

1st step of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription

38
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA converted into RNA in the nuclous

39
Q

2nd step of Protein synthesis?

A

Translation

40
Q

what is translation?

A

RNA converted into Protein in the Ribosomes

41
Q

what does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

42
Q

True or false: RNA is a single strand?

43
Q

what is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

RNA is a single strand, a ribose sugar and does not contain Thymine, it contains Uracil.

44
Q

Where is RNA located?

A

Nucleus and Cytoplasma

45
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

Nucleus Only

46
Q

Why Transcription?

A

to copy one gene from the DNA molecule when class need it

47
Q

What is a Promoter?

A

a DNA sequence that enzymes recognize to start Transcription

48
Q

What is a Terminator?

A

A DNA sequence that Signals to enzymes the end of Transcription

49
Q

Why RNA?

A

Necessary to bring DNA’s information out of the nucleus to the ribosomes

50
Q

1st step of Transcription

A

Initiation - DNA helicase unwinds/unzips the DNA and RNA Polymerase find the promoter site

51
Q

2nd step of Transcription

A

Elongation - RNA Polymerase adds RNA nucleotides complementary to DNA template Strand

52
Q

3rd step of transcription

A

Termination - RNA polymerase detaches at terminator sequence, The DnA winds back up and the mRNA traves it to the cytoplasm

53
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

54
Q

what does mRNA do?

A

transports information from the DNA in the Nucleus to the Cytoplasm to the ribosomes, responsible for binding the DNA and Transcribes it’s code

55
Q

what does rRNA do?

A

makes up the ribosomes

56
Q

what does tRNA do?

A

transports amino acids to the ribosomes and matches them to the coded mRNA message

57
Q

What Always starts the condon?

58
Q

What is AUG amino acid?

A

Methionine (met)

59
Q

what is the purpose of translation?

A

to turn mRNA into Protien

60
Q

1st step of Translation

A

a ribosome attaches to an mRNA molecule in the Cytoplasma

61
Q

2nd step of Translation

A

tRNA molecules bring in the proper amino acid to the Ribosome

62
Q

3rd step of Translation

A

the anticodon on the tRNA matches up with the complementary codon of the mRNA molecule to the amino acid in place.

63
Q

4th step of Translation

A

the ribosome attaches these amino acids together with peptide bonds creating a polypeptide chain

64
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

complementary to a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence.

65
Q

5th step of Translation

A

The ribosome moves down the mRNA molecule until reaching the Stop codon

66
Q

what are introns?

A

introns do not code for protein - removed by spliceosome

67
Q

what are exons?

A

region on the mRNA leaves nucleus and codes for Protein

68
Q

what is Spliceosome?

A

always removes introns

69
Q

what is Alternate Splicing?

A

randomly removes exons

70
Q

What are Mutations?

A

Change in genetic Material

71
Q

When can Mutation happen?

A

During DNA replication

72
Q

True or False: Mutations can be positive, negative, or non-effective?

73
Q

What are Types of Mutations?

A

Substitute
Insertion
Inversion

74
Q

What are Point Mutations?

A

Mutations that change a single Base Pair

75
Q

What is a substitution Mutation?

A

one base us randomly changed into a different base

76
Q

what is a silent Mutation?

A

the same amino acid is produced

77
Q

What is a Missense Mutation?

A

one wrong amino acid is produced

78
Q

What is a Nonsense Mutation?

A

An early stop codon is produced

79
Q

what type of mutation always results negatively?

A

Nonsense Mutation

80
Q

How effective are Point Mutations?

A

Usually Miner

81
Q

What is an FrameShift Mutation?

A

Shifts the entire “reading frame” of DNA - causing every amino acid that follows to be incorrect

82
Q

What is an Insertion Mutation?

A

an extra base is added into the DNA sequence

83
Q

What is an Deletion Mutation?

A

a base is deleted from the DNA Sequence

84
Q

What is an Chromosomal Mutation?

A

Involves changes in the Number or structure of Chromosomes

85
Q

What is an Duplication Mutation?

A

Double Genes for chromosomes

86
Q

What is an Deletion Mutation (Chromosomally)?

A

Removes gene from chromosome

87
Q

What is an Inversion Mutation?

A

flip part of chromosome

88
Q

What is a translocation Mutation

A

swaps genes on a different chromosomes

Honors Biology (11 decks)

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