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Honors Biology > DNA, RNA, Mutations, and Protein Synthesis *FULL UNIT* > Flashcards

DNA, RNA, Mutations, and Protein Synthesis *FULL UNIT* Flashcards

1
Q

When and who discovered DNA

A

1869 by Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

DNA stands for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

DNA is…

A

a long thun molecule that stores genetic sequence, with two strands of DNA twisted - also known as a double helix

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4
Q

What are nucleotides made out of?

A

1 phospate, 1 five carbon sugar, 1 nitrogenous base

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5
Q

What is Adenine (A) complementary base?

A

Thymine (T)

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6
Q

What is Thymine (T) complementary base?

A

Adenine (A)

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7
Q

What is Guanine (G) complementary base?

A

Cytosine (C)

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8
Q

What is Cytosine (C) complementary base?

A

Guanine (G)

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9
Q

What are the support sides of the double helix made out of?

A

Sugar Phosphate

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10
Q

Every living thing as DNA, but how do they make different between species?

A

the number and order of the nitrogenous bases/nucleotides

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11
Q

Which direction the the two strands of double helix run?

A

Antiparallel

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12
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

The copying process in which DNA is duplicated before cell division

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13
Q

What are the 2 molecules called after being separated in DNA replication?

A

Parent and Daughter

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14
Q

True or False: Tha daughter molecule has the same amount of chromosomes as the parent Molecule?

A

True

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15
Q

Step 1 of DNA replication?

A

Separates/Unzips into 2 DNA strands

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16
Q

Step 2 of DNA replication?

A

Synthesize/duplicate a complementary DNA Strand

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17
Q

Complementary base of Adenine (A) for RNA?

A

Uracil (U)

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18
Q

What separates or Unzips the DNA Strand?

A

DNA Helicases

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19
Q

What attaches the complementary bases in step 2 of DNA replication?

A

DNA Polymerase

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20
Q

Step 3 of DNA replication?

A

Proofread

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21
Q

What is the chance of mess up during DNA replication?

A

1 per 10 million

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22
Q

What is the enzyme that proofreads the DNA strands?

A

Ligase

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23
Q

What is the Cell Cycle?

A

how cells reproduce

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24
Q

1st stage of Cell Cycle?

A

Interphase

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25
What happens in Interphase?
Preparing the cell to divide.
26
What are the 3 subphases in interphase?
G1, S, and G2
27
What Happends in the G1 subphase?
Gap 1 = Cell grows in Size
28
What happens in the S subphase?
Synthesis - DNA replication (Chromosomes are being duplicated)
29
What Happens in the G2 phase?
gap 2 = organelles are copied and cell prepares for division.
30
Where does the typical cell spend most of its life?
Interphase
31
What is Mitosis?
The division of the nucleus
32
What are the 4 phases of Mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, anaphase, telophase
33
What is Cytokinesis?
Stage of the cell cycle when the cytoplasm splits and two separate cells are made.
34
Who and when was the genetic code for protein synthesis found?
1961 - Marshall Nirenberg
35
What is a Gene?
a segment of DNA that codes a specific protein or trait.
36
What is Protein Synthesis?
The cells uses the genetic information in DNA to synthesize protien.
37
1st step of protein synthesis?
Transcription
38
What is transcription?
DNA converted into RNA in the nuclous
39
2nd step of Protein synthesis?
Translation
40
what is translation?
RNA converted into Protein in the Ribosomes
41
what does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
42
True or false: RNA is a single strand?
Ture
43
what is the difference between DNA and RNA?
RNA is a single strand, a ribose sugar and does not contain Thymine, it contains Uracil.
44
Where is RNA located?
Nucleus and Cytoplasma
45
Where is DNA located?
Nucleus Only
46
Why Transcription?
to copy one gene from the DNA molecule when class need it
47
What is a Promoter?
a DNA sequence that enzymes recognize to start Transcription
48
What is a Terminator?
A DNA sequence that Signals to enzymes the end of Transcription
49
Why RNA?
Necessary to bring DNA's information out of the nucleus to the ribosomes
50
1st step of Transcription
Initiation - DNA helicase unwinds/unzips the DNA and RNA Polymerase find the promoter site
51
2nd step of Transcription
Elongation - RNA Polymerase adds RNA nucleotides complementary to DNA template Strand
52
3rd step of transcription
Termination - RNA polymerase detaches at terminator sequence, The DnA winds back up and the mRNA traves it to the cytoplasm
53
What are the 3 types of RNA?
messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
54
what does mRNA do?
transports information from the DNA in the Nucleus to the Cytoplasm to the ribosomes, responsible for binding the DNA and Transcribes it's code
55
what does rRNA do?
makes up the ribosomes
56
what does tRNA do?
transports amino acids to the ribosomes and matches them to the coded mRNA message
57
What Always starts the condon?
AUG
58
What is AUG amino acid?
Methionine (met)
59
what is the purpose of translation?
to turn mRNA into Protien
60
1st step of Translation
a ribosome attaches to an mRNA molecule in the Cytoplasma
61
2nd step of Translation
tRNA molecules bring in the proper amino acid to the Ribosome
62
3rd step of Translation
the anticodon on the tRNA matches up with the complementary codon of the mRNA molecule to the amino acid in place.
63
4th step of Translation
the ribosome attaches these amino acids together with peptide bonds creating a polypeptide chain
64
What is an anticodon?
complementary to a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence.
65
5th step of Translation
The ribosome moves down the mRNA molecule until reaching the Stop codon
66
what are introns?
introns do not code for protein - removed by spliceosome
67
what are exons?
region on the mRNA leaves nucleus and codes for Protein
68
what is Spliceosome?
always removes introns
69
what is Alternate Splicing?
randomly removes exons
70
What are Mutations?
Change in genetic Material
71
When can Mutation happen?
During DNA replication
72
True or False: Mutations can be positive, negative, or non-effective?
True
73
What are Types of Mutations?
Substitute Insertion Inversion
74
What are Point Mutations?
Mutations that change a single Base Pair
75
What is a substitution Mutation?
one base us randomly changed into a different base
76
what is a silent Mutation?
the same amino acid is produced
77
What is a Missense Mutation?
one wrong amino acid is produced
78
What is a Nonsense Mutation?
An early stop codon is produced
79
what type of mutation always results negatively?
Nonsense Mutation
80
How effective are Point Mutations?
Usually Miner
81
What is an FrameShift Mutation?
Shifts the entire "reading frame" of DNA - causing every amino acid that follows to be incorrect
82
What is an Insertion Mutation?
an extra base is added into the DNA sequence
83
What is an Deletion Mutation?
a base is deleted from the DNA Sequence
84
What is an Chromosomal Mutation?
Involves changes in the Number or structure of Chromosomes
85
What is an Duplication Mutation?
Double Genes for chromosomes
86
What is an Deletion Mutation (Chromosomally)?
Removes gene from chromosome
87
What is an Inversion Mutation?
flip part of chromosome
88
What is a translocation Mutation
swaps genes on a different chromosomes

Honors Biology (11 decks)

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