Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Homologe

A

Gener som har en fælles “forfar”

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2
Q

Orthologe

A

Homologe gener som har bevaret samme funktion

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3
Q

rRNA genet som kronometer

A

Universielt udbredt til alle levende organismer
Passende størrelse 16S = ca 1500 baser
Har samme funktion i alle organsimer (orthologe)
Både meget konserverede og mere variable regioner

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4
Q

Woese: 3 domæner/ 6 riger

A

Domæner:
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya

Riger:
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Protist
- Plantae
- Fungi
- Animalia

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5
Q

Archaea er på flere punkter forskellige fra bakterier

A

Ingen peptidoglycan i cellevæg
Specielle membran lipider
Histone proteins

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6
Q

Lenski’s Long-term evolution experiment

A

Serial transfer
30 years - 74000 generations

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7
Q

Identifikations teknikker

A

Fysiologiske test - klassisk mikrobiologi
Sekventering af 16S rRNA - 97%
MLST (multi-locus sequence typing)
Fuld genom sekventering

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8
Q

Mikroorganismer i naturlige miljøer, hvordan kan vi studere dem?

A

Vi kan kun dyrke 1-10% af bakterier i naturlige miljøer

–> Dyrknings uafhængige metoder
–> Large-scale sekventering

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9
Q

Analyser har hele mikrobielle samfund

A

Mixed microbial community –> DNA extraction –> Amplicon sequencing or metagenomics sequencing

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10
Q

Amplicon sequencing

A

Multiple copies of fragments from 1 target gene (DNA extraction from mixed microbial community)

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11
Q

Metagenomics sequencing

A

Short sequence fragments form “all” DNA (DNA extraction from mixed microbial community)

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12
Q

FISH forkortelse

A

“Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization”

Tarmbakterier hos mus
Biofilm på tænder

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13
Q

“The full cycle”

A

Environmental samples –> community DNA –> Sequencing –> Bioinformatic analysis

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