Evolution

Question 1

What is creationism?

Answer 1

A belief system that requires no proof.

Question 2

What is EVOLUTION?

Answer 2

A SCIENTIFIC THEORY THAT REQUIRES PROOF.

Question 3

Definition of Biological Evolution.

Answer 3

A gradual change in the genetic makeup of a population of an organism.

Question 4

Two ideas were under examination by the society that Darwin lived in.

What are these ideas?

Answer 4

1. Ancestry/Inheritance.

2. Fixity/Change.

Question 5

Define natural selection.

Answer 5

Individuals with advantageous traits will tend to survive to reproduce. If those trusts are heritable then the composition of the population will change.

Question 6

Define Adaptation.

Answer 6

Any characteristic of an organism that will improve its chance of surviving and reproduction. 
This can be 
Morphology (e.g.)Wings
Behaviour(e.g.)Nesting site selection.
Physiology (e.g.)body temperature.

Question 7

Darwin’s theory of evolution proposed 4 factors which result in evolution and adaptation..

What are these Factors that Darwin Observed?

Answer 7

1. Overproduction
2. Limits to population growth
3. Variation between individuals
4. Differential reproductive success.

Question 8

What is OVERPRODUCTION?

Answer 8

Each species produces more offspring then will survive to maturity

E.g. Cod Gadus sp.
1 lays 2-5 million eggs per year
Has External fertilization – No parental care
Enormous predation 50% survive–99% mortality first month

5 survive–90% of survivors don’t reach first year

Average 2 young per Pair survive to Childhood.

(Another example)💕🥳💕
Elephants

Question 9

Describe LIMITS TO POPULATION GROWTH

Darwin’s proposed factors in evolution and adaptation

Answer 9

There are finite quantities of food water and space
Therefore individuals compete for these resources
More individuals are produced then the environment can support
Predation disease also cause mortality

Question 10

Darwin’s 4 proposed factors of evolution

Describe variation.

Answer 10

Individuals in a population exhibit variation. Eh. Height, Hair, Skin etc
Some traits will improve on an individual’s chances of survival and reproductive success.

If this trait is heritage then it will be selected for.

Example of this…TWO COLOUR MORPHS.

Question 11

Darwin’s proposed factors of everything

Describe differential reproduction.

Answer 11

Some individuals will have more offspring than others. Of these survive, then the overall fitness of that parent will be High.

Usually best adapted individuals survive and reproduce more.

(N.B) could use different social structure in Rhabdomus populations– Springbok vs. Irene. To highlight how an adaptation in one habitat could be advantageous but would be disadvantageous in another habitat.

Question 12

Evidence to test models.

What are these?

Answer 12

1. Comparative anatomy
2. Molecular biology
3. Vestigial structures
4. Embryology
5. Fossils
6. Artificial Selection

Question 13

Describe Comparative Anatomy..

Answer 13

Any two living species show some similarities.

These similarities are either
ANALOGOUS–Result of shared environment (convergent evolution)
HOMOLOGOUS– Result of shared ancestry(phylogenetic)

Additionally: Anologies aren’t evolutionary useful in terms of indication of common ancestry. (E.g. Sharks and Dolphins)

Homologies are evolutionary e.g. different organisms occupy a wide range of habitats and use limbs for a variety of functions. But they all share the pentadactyl limb plan.
Strong indication of common ancestry.

Question 14

Please note

Evolution is conservative

Answer 14

IF THERE’S ANYONE WHO CAN DO IT THEN IT’S NKANYISO

IT CHOSE YOU NKANYISO

Question 15

Describe Molecular Biology

Answer 15

Homologies exist at the molecular lev and strongly support notion of common ancestry.

We look at DNA, Genetic Code and Histones (responsible for DNA packaging of proteins and are therefore highly conserved across kingdoms).

Question 16

Describe Vestigial Structures.

Answer 16

Evolution says vestigial structures are Phylogenetic baggage. Inherited material that is no longer useful but has no cost, therefore not selected against.

Question 17

Describe Embryology

Define Von Baer’s Third Law VS Enerst Haeckel Law.

Answer 17

Homologies are evident in rated embryos.

Von Baer’s third law stated that the gener features of large groups(e.g. spine of vertebrates) appears early in development
Vs
Enerst Haeckel–Stated that ontogeny decapitated phylogeny. As animal develops it goes through stages that resemble it’s lineage of common ancestors. To an extent this is true because the development of pathways are conserved.

Question 18

Describe Fossils

Answer 18

The fossil record is patchy, intermediate forms are often missing but to be expected–chances of being preserved in the same place at a different time=almost zero.

Question 19

You know who is the ONE person who can be your enemy and friend?

Answer 19

Yourself

Keep negative thoughts Away.

You’ve proven it may times that You’re Phenomenal. Everything u touched turned into Gold. You’re Great Nkanyiso.

And the Lord said “It is Done”