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BIOLOGY APES > Endocrine Glands And Their Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine Glands And Their Hormones Flashcards

Know which gland secretes what.

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1
Q

Thyroid gland

A 
Thyroid hormone(T3 and T4);stimulates and maintains metabolic processes. 
Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium level.
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2
Q

Hypothulamus

A

Hormones released from the posterior pituitary

Responsible for releasing and inhibiting hormones: regulate anterior pituitary.

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3
Q

Parathyroid glands

A 
Parathyroid hormone (PHT) 
Raises blood calcium level.
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4
Q

Adrenal glands(atop glands)

stress hormones
short term
long term

A

Adrenal medulla:
Epinephrine(adrenalin) and norepinephrine(noradrenalin): Raise blood glucose level; increase metabolic activity; constrict or dilate blood vessels.

Adrenal Cortex
Glucocorticoids: Raise blood level; control inflammation.
Mineralocorticoid; Promote reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys

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5
Q

Found in ovaries, what are the functions of estrogens and progesterone

A

Estrogens;;;Stimulate uterine lining growth, promotes development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics

Progesterone;;;Promotes uterine lining growth.

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6
Q

Found in testes, what is the function of androgens.

A

To support sperm formation, promote development and maintainance of male secondary sex characteristics.

Found in both males and females,.but with one major function in males.

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7
Q

Pancreas secretes Insulin and Glucagon. What are the functions of these.

A

Insulin;;; Lowers blood glucose level.

Glucagon;;; Raises blood glucose level.

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8
Q

Pineal gland

A

Melatonin:::Participates in regulations of biological rhythms.

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9
Q

Pituitary glands

A

Controls all other endocrine glands, influences growth, metabolism and regeneration(cell reproduction).

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10
Q

Thymus

A

Help to build defense to disease.

lymphocytes(# T cells) — Thymus cells—body’s immune system

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11
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system?

A

regulate body activities to mantain homeostasis by secreting hormones.

chemical signaling by hormones

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12
Q

there are 2 types of glands. What are these?

A

Exocrine glands-have ducts-eg, saliva, and sweat

Endocrine glands-These are ductless–secretes hormones into the bloodstream

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13
Q

define endocrine signaling

A

secreted molecules are absorbed and then enter the bloodstream and trigger responses anywhere in the body

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14
Q

define paracrine signaling

A

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response anywhere in the body

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15
Q

define autocrine signaling

A

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response to the cells that secreted them.

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16
Q

define synaptic signaling

A

neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and triggers responses in target tissues(neurons, muscles or glands)

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17
Q

define neuroendocrine signaling

A

Neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in the target cells anywhere in the body.

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18
Q

difference between the endocrine system and nervous system

A

endocrine system—-internal communication involving hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on target cells that respond to hormones.

Nervous system–internal communication involving sensory receptors, a network of nerve cells, and connections to muscles and glands that respond to nerve cells.

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19
Q

give examples of local signaling

A
  1. paracrine signaling

2. synaptic signaling

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20
Q

EXAMPLE OF LONG-DISTANCE SIGNALING

angizwani nevila mina mfana. funda ungalali.

A
  1. Endocrine signaling
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21
Q

there are 3 classical classes of hormones
what are these?

keep on going. the reward will be fulfilling. you are not weak. keep going.

A
  1. Polypeptides-water soluble
  2. Steroids-hydrophobic
  3. Amines- hydrophilic and hydrophobic
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22
Q

how do water-soluble hormones bind to receptor cells in contrast to lipid-soluble hormones?

A

water-soluble— secreted by exocytosis and travel freely in the bloodstream. Cannot diffuse in the plasmalemma. these hormones bind to cell-surface receptors producing changes in cytoplasmic molecules.

lipid-soluble—Exit endocrine membranes- they then bind to transport proteins-which keep them soluble in blood. They then diffuse into target cells and typically bind to receptors in the cytoplasm.

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23
Q

what is signal transduction?

A

the linkage of chemical mechanical or electromagnetic stimulus to specific cellular response. Converts extracellular signals into an intracellular response.

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24
Q

reception

explain how the G Protein-Coupled Reception(GOCR) works?

A

works through the G-protein

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25
Q

reception

explain how the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)

A

Growth factors signal cells to divide and grow through RTKs.

!this is incomplete)

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26
Q

reception

Explain how Ion-channel receptors work.

A

The gate region channel changes shape when a signaling molecule binds.
The changes in ion concentration in the cell may directly affect the activity of the cell.

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27
Q

reception
explain how Intracellular receptors work.

KEEP PUSHING BRUH. DO NOT BE LAZY. YOU ARE NOT LAZY.

A

to reach this, the signaling molecules must be able to pass/diffuse through the plasmalemma.

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28
Q

what are 2nd (second) messengers and what are the 2 important 2nd messengers?

A

these are small non-protein molecules that act as intermediates in signal transmission.

cyclic AMP
Calcium(Ca2+) ions.

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29
Q

there are 3 types of endocrine gland stimulus
what are these
also, describe(define) them.

A
  1. humoral stimulus- change in ion/ nutrient concentration will lead to a release of a particular hormone
  2. Neural stimulus- we have a neural stimulus that will trigger the release of a hormone from an endocrine gland.
  3. Hormonal stimulus–when a hormone stimulates an adrenal gland to release other hormones.
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30
Q

how the hypothalamus controls endocrine organs
by 2 means- anterior and posterior pituitary

describe the anterior pituitary part.

A

hypothalamic neurons secrete hormones into the upper capillary bed. These hormones travel down connecting blood vessels and diffuse out of the lower capillary bed into anterior cells, controlling the release of anterior pituitary hormones into general circulation.

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31
Q

how the hypothalamus controls endocrine organs
by 2 means- anterior and posterior pituitary.

describe the posterior part.

A

hormones are made in the hypothalamus

hypothalamic neurons synthesize hormones that travel down Axons. These are released into Capillary beds and then move from it into general circulation.

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32
Q

the posterior pituitary secretes ADH and Oxytocin.

explain the role of ADH(Anti-Diuretic Hormone) in the body.

A

ADH(not an electron carrier like in the other chapter, LOL)– Targets tubules and uterine muscles. Binding of ADH to receptor molecules leads to a temporary increase in the number of Aquaporin proteins in the membrane of the collectin duct.

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33
Q

Oxytocin is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.

explain the role of Oxytocin in the body.

A

Causes Uterine Contractions during Labour.
Responsible for milk ejection through the neuroendocrine reflex.

Promotes social bonding.

It targets Mammary glands–a milk-producing glands in females and uterine muscles.

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34
Q

What is the role of prolactin in the body?

A

Prolactin is linkedmilk production. It is released before the production of milk. It is regulated by 2 hormones(Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone and Prolactin-Releasing Hormone)

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35
Q

the problem with you is that you think that it is difficult while it is not. Relax. Breathe. Nothing is too difficult for you. Okay?

A

Do not be lazy

keep pushing…..»»»>««<><><><>

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36
Q

what are growth hormones?

keep pushing ZULU-BOY

IT IS YOUR FATE»»>«<»»«< DON’T STAND IN GOD’S WAY

A

regulate growth and development of many tissues in the body.

In adults, it regulates bone mass and blood nutrient levels.

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37
Q

Growth Hormones (GH’s) are secreted and produced by the Anterior Pituitary Gland.

A

The hypothalamus secretes GHRH and GHIH

38
Q

WHAT RESULTS IN THE HYPER/HYPO RELEASE OF GROWTH HORMONES?

A

Non-cancerous tumors found in the pituitary gland( Pituitary Anonymous)

39
Q

What causes GIANTISM?

A

AN increase in GH production before the Epiphyseal plate(just an area in the bone) has Ossified.

giantism is a long bone growth that is exaggerated.

40
Q

What causes DWARFISM?

A

this occurs when an Excess of GH is released after the Epiphyseal plate has ossified, the bones will no longer lengthen, but they will increase in Diameter

41
Q

What is acromegaly

ACROMEGALY

A

EXCESS GH IS PRODUCED AFTER THE EPIPHYSEAL PLAYE HAS OSSIFIED- AN INCREASE IN DIAMETER OF BONES

A CONDITION SEEN BY A PROMINENT JAW LINE, THICKENING OF JOINTS

42
Q

what is the role of thyroxine in Growth Development?

A

T3 and T4 ( thyroid hormones) contribute to the development of animals-mentally and sexually

43
Q

what are the disorders of THyroid Function and Regulation?

A

Hyposecretion

Hypersecretion

44
Q

what is HYPOTHYROIDISM?

A

underactive thyroid gland
In children, it causes CRETINISM, which is the slowed growth of the body, altered brain development, delayed puberty, and Sterility

45
Q

what does increased production of Parathyroid hormone lead to?

A

It promotes bone resorption

Production of Calcitriol, and hence increase in blood calcium levels

46
Q

what is HYPERTHYROIDISM?

A

this is excess thyroid hormone in the bloodstream- due to the overactivity of one of the 4 parathyroid glands.
REMEMBER::::::parathyroid is responsible for the regulation of Ca2+ in the bloodstream.

47
Q

why is Calcium IMportant?

A

it is responsible for transferring messages between neurons and also for building bones.

48
Q

what can deficiency in Calcium Ion lead to?

A

Bone loss
Intestinal Symptoms
Kidney Disease
Mental Disturbances

49
Q

How are calcium levels regulated in the bloodstream?

A

The parathyroid glands secrete PTH into the bloodstream.

TO detect Calcium levels in the blood, each Parathyroid Cell has a Cs2+ sensor. When Ca2+ levels are high, the gland shuts down, and when Ca2+ levels are low, the gland produces PTH which pours into the bloodstream.

50
Q

what is the role of the Pineal Gland?

A

TO secrete a hormone called MELATONIN

secretion on melatonin is highest in the middle of the night

51
Q

What is the difference between Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts???

A

Osteoclasts are large cells that dissolve the bone. Found on the surface of the bone mineral to dissolving bone.

Osteoblasts are the cells that form new bone. They also came from the bone marrow.

52
Q

Calcitonin is crucial ONLY in children. How is this so?

A

FUNCTIONS:::
decreases the level of blood Calcium
Stimulates Ca2+ deposition in bones and secretion by kidneys
important for bone growth and development in children.

53
Q

calcitonin is only crucial in children. WHy not in ADULTS?

A

the bone has grown. It maintains the bone structure.

54
Q

What does the medulla secrete?

A

EPINEPHRINE
ADRENALINE’
NORADRENALINE
to help the body respond to stress.

55
Q

where are the Adrenal glands Found?

A

Up the kidney. They have Cortex and Medulla regions

56
Q

is norepinephrine and epinephrine water-soluble?

A

YES

THEIR RECEPTORS ARE IN THE PLASMALEMMA

57
Q

THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF STRESS HORMONES PRODUCED DURING LONG-TERM STRESS. WHAT ARE THESE?

A

MINERALOCORTICOIDS– retention of Na+ ions and water IN THE kidneys. Increased blood volume and blood pressure.
AND
GLUCOCORTICOIDS–Proteins and fats are broken down and converted into Glucose, leading to increased blood glucose.

58
Q

the disorder of the adrenal cortex

hyposecretion;;; less cortisol and aldosterone.

what disease does this cause?

A

Addison’s disease (autoimmune disorder).
low blood glucose and sodium
increased pigmentation

ACTH-> under-secreting pituitary tumor.

59
Q

HYPERSECRETION OF CORTISOL(What does cortisol do to the body?
Cortisol, the primary stress hormone, increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream)

WHAT DISEASE IS CAUSED BY THIS?

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

ACTH- oversecreting pituitary tumor.

60
Q

what do adrenal glands secrete?

A

secrete small quantities of androgens.

61
Q

androgens(testosterone), estrogens and progesterone are found both in males and females, but in different proportions.

A

keep pushing Nkanyiso

62
Q

What controls the synthesis of the sex hormones.

A

GONADOTROPINS

63
Q

MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND GLANDS

Testis function

A

produces sperm, testosterone, and inhibin

64
Q

MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND GLANDS

Scrotum function

A

Keeps the testes at the proper temperature.

65
Q

MALE REPRODUCTIVE

ORGANS AND GLANDS

Epididymis Function

A

Site of sperm maturation and storage

66
Q

MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND GLANDS

Ductus deferens function

A

Duct for sperm maturation, storage, and transport.

67
Q

MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND GLANDS

Ejaculatory duct function

A

Duct for transporting sperm and glandular secretions.

68
Q

MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND GLANDS

Penis function

A

Erectile organ of sexual intercourse.

69
Q

MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND GLANDS

Seminal vesicle function

A

Secretes fructose and most of the seminal fluid

70
Q

MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND GLANDS

Prostate gland function

A

Secretes watery alkaline fluid to raise vaginal pH

71
Q

MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND GLANDS

Bulbourethral gland function

A

secretes lubricating mucus

72
Q

Female Reproductive System: Components

Ovary function

A

Site of storage and development of oocytes.

73
Q

Female Reproductive System: Components

Oviduct function

A

Duct for transporting oocyte from ovary to uterus, also site of fertilization if it occurs.

74
Q

Female Reproductive System: Components

Uterus function

A

Hollow chamber in which embryo develops

75
Q

Female Reproductive System: Components

Cervix function

A

Lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina

76
Q

Female Reproductive System: Components

Vagina funcntion

A

Organ of sexual intercourse; produces lubricating fluids; also the birth canal

77
Q

Female Reproductive System: Components

Clitoris

A

Organs of sexual arousal.

78
Q

Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive
Cycles
• Hormones closely link the two cycles of female
reproduction
• Changes in the ovaries define the ovarian cycle
• Changes in the uterus define the menstrual cycle
(also called the uterine cycle)

A

YOU CAN DO IT’’

KEEP PUSHING

79
Q

WHAT IS ENDOMETRUOSIS

A

IN WOMEN

In this condition, cells of the uterine lining migrate
to an abnormal, or ectopic, location
• This ectopic tissue swells and breaks down each
ovarian cycle, just as the uterine lining does
• This results in pelvic pain and bleeding into the
abdomen

80
Q

what are the 2 pregnancy related hormones?

A

Oxytocin – triggered by high levels of estrogen at
the end of pregnancy; produces contractions of
smooth muscle in uterus. After birth contributes to
production of milk
• Prolactin – hormone that stimulates mammary
glands to produce milk (NB: Regulated by
hypothalamus (PRH & PIH)

81
Q

what is an ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR?

A

DES is an endocrine disruptor, a molecule that
interrupts the normal function of a hormone
pathway, in this case, that of estrogen
– some pregnant women at risk for complications
were prescribed a synthetic estrogen called
diethylstilbestrol (DES)
• Daughters of women treated with DES are at
higher risk for reproductive abnormalities, including
miscarriage, structural changes, and cervical and
vaginal cancers

82
Q

What is Proteinuria?

A

the appearance of protein in urine.

83
Q

What is Glomerulonephritis?

A

Damage to glomeruli

84
Q

What is Hematuria?

A

Presence of blood in Urine.

85
Q

The proximal tubule is where massive reabsorption occurs…

A

KEEP PUSHING BRO. NKANYISO NELSON ZULU

86
Q

what is GLUCOSURIA?

A

Glucose in Urine, related to diabetes.

87
Q

how filtrate is processed to URINE

what happens in the PROXIMAL TUBULE?

A

Occurs reabsorption of HCO3-,NaCl,K+ ions, glucose and amino acids.

The concentration of Solutes increases in the blood capillaries, hence driving water in the capillaries by OSMOSIS.
Na+ ions are transferred to the interstitial fluid by active transport. This positive charge out of the tubule drives the passive transport of Cl-.

88
Q

how filtrate is processed to URINE

what happens in the DESCENDING LIMB OF THE lOOP OF HENLE?

KEEP PUSHING.., ANGIZWANI NEVILA MINA

A

the descending loop of Henle is permeable to water molecules but impermeable to other small molecules. The interstitial fluid is hyperosmotic.
filtrate loses water in the descending limb, also the concentration of solutes increases.

89
Q

how filtrate is processed to URINE

what happens in the Ascending limb of the loop of henle?

A

Has transport epithelium that lacks water channels.
Has Epithelial membrane that is impermeable to water.

In the thin segment–NaCl(which was concentrated when
water moves out of the filtrate) diffuses out of the permeable tubule into the interstitial fluid.

In the thick segment–the movement of NaCl continues, but this occurs with Active Transport by the epithelium.
As a result, the filtrate becomes more and more dilute as it moves up to the Cortex in the Ascending Limb.

90
Q

how filtrate is processed to URINE

What happens in the Distal Tubule?

A

It plays a role in regulating the K+ and NaCl concentration–K+ is secreted from the filtrate, while NaCl is reabsorbed from the filtrate.

91
Q

how filtrate is processed to URINE

what happens in the collecting duct?

A

processes filtrate into urine

Carries Urine to the Renal Pelvis.

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