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PSYC4121 > Evidence Based Practise > Flashcards

Evidence Based Practise Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Science Practioner Model?

A

An integrative approach to science and practice wherein each must continually inform the other

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2
Q

Who and when was the term Clinical psychology developed?

A

20th Century by Witner

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3
Q

Who was the Editor of The Psychological Clinic?

A

Witner

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4
Q

When was mental/intelligence testing developed?

A

WW1

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5
Q

What did Freud and Jung introduce and what did they believe?

A

Psychoanalysis and that doctors should be only practitioners of psychotherapy

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6
Q

What is shell shock?

A

PTSD

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7
Q

When did Clinical Psychology become part of the the APA?

A

1919

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8
Q

When was APA founded?

A

1892

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9
Q

What happened in 1944?

A

APA accepted responsibility for credentialing and training

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10
Q

What is the Boulder Committee?

A

Group that created the curriculum for training psychologists

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11
Q

What were the recommendations for training?

A

Assessment: Improve accuracy and reliability of diagnostic procedures

Etiology, Formulation, Theory: Develop better understanding of human behaviour

Intervention: Develop more efficient methods of treatment

Inclusion of research training in the preparation of all clinical psychologists

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12
Q

What were the recommendations for practise?

A

Use scientific methodology in their practise

Work with clients using scientifically valid measures, tools and techniques

Inform clients of scientifically based findings and approaches to their problems

Conduct practice-based research

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13
Q

Who was opposed to Psychanalysis?

A

Eysenck

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14
Q

How much did patients treated with psychoanalysis improve compared to other eclectically and GP’s in Eysenck’s study?

A

Psychoanalysis 44%

Eclectically 64%

GP’s 72%

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15
Q

Why should we train practitioners as scientists?

A

Attainment of skills in critical thinking to understand research findings and to implement best practise interventions so clients get best on offer

Practitioners can justify the treatments and interventions they choose based on empirical grounds

Avoid Hard, reduce unnecessary treatment and increase the likelihood of better efficacy of treatment

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16
Q

MUST KNOW THIS:

What are the criticisms of the SP Model?

A

Applied work is incompatible with scientific work and research does not apply in practice.

Research skills are unnecessary as few publish after completed training

SP model does not produce many scientists practitioners

Question necessity of study on both research and practice orientation

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17
Q

What is the Practise- Scholar Model (Vespia & Sauer)?

A

Practitioners produce small scale clinical science studies

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18
Q

What is Evidence Based Practise (EBP)?

A

Integration of best research evidence with clinical research and patient values

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19
Q

What are the 5A’s in EBP?

A

Ask: the right question

Access: relevant evidence

Appraise: the evidence

Apply: the evidence

Assess: its effectiveness

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20
Q

What does PICO stand for?

A

Population/Patient/Problem

Intervention (Exposure in PECO)

Comparison

Outcome

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21
Q

Identify each part:

In patients with binge eating disorder, s interpersonal therapy or CBT more effective in reducing the effectiveness of binge episodes?

A

P: binge eating disorder

I: Interpersonal therapy

C: CBT

O: frequency of binge episodes

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22
Q

What is the hierarchy of evidence?

A

Systematic reviews/meta analysis

RCT’s

Case Control Studies

Cohort Studies

Systematic Review of Qualitative/Descriptive studies

Qualitative Studies

Opinions or Concensus

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23
Q

Disadvantage of Systematic reviews and meta analysis?

A

Time consuming

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24
Q

Advantages of RCT’s?

A

Eliminates bias and facilitates blinding

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25
Q

Disadvantages of RCT’s?

A

Expensive

Lacks generalisability

Ethical issues

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26
Q

Advantages of case control studies?

A

Quick, simple and inexpensive

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27
Q

Disadvantages of case control studies?

A

Always retrospective and proves association not causality

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28
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Cohort study for measures?

A

incidence rate

relative risk

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29
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Cohort study for Cost?

A

Expensive

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30
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Cohort study for Study term?

A

Long term

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31
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Cohort study for sample size?

A

Need large sample size

32
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Cohort study for exposure?

A

Good for rare exposure

33
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Cohort study for disease?

A

Poor potential for rare

Possible for several disease

34
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Cohort study for casual?

A

Potentially strong

35
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Cohort study for Generalisation?

A

Potentially generalisable

36
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Case Control study for measures?

A

Odds Ratio (OR) only

37
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Case Control study for Cost?

A

Inexpensive

38
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Case Control study for Study term?

A

short term

39
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Case Control study for Sample size?

A

Powerful with small sample cases

40
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Case Control study for Exposure?

A

Limited to rare exposures

41
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Case Control study for Disease?

A

Good for rare disease

Only one disease

42
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Case Control study for Causual?

A

Potentially less strong

43
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of Case Control study for Generalisation?

A

Probably not generalisable

44
Q

If the aim of the study was to describe a study population what would you use?

A

Descriptive (PO questions) - qualitative

45
Q

If the aim of the study was to quantify a relationship between factors what would you use?

A

Analytical (PICO or PECO questions)

46
Q

If analytic aim and the intervention was randomly allocated what would you use?

A

Experimental/RCT

47
Q

If analytic aim and the intervention was not randomly allocated what would you use?

A

Observational study

48
Q

What would you use if the outcomes were determined some time after the intervention or exposure?

A

Cohort (prospective) study

49
Q

What would you use if the outcomes were determined at the same time as the intervention or exposure?

A

Cross sectional (eg survey) study

50
Q

What would you use if the outcomes were determined before the intervention or exposure?

A

Case-control study (retrospective or historic study)

51
Q

What 3 things should you consider when critically appraising the evidence?

A

is the evidence VALID?

What is the evidence and is it CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT/IMPORTANT?

Is the evidence APPLICABLE/RELEVANT?

52
Q

What does CASP stand for?

A

Critical Appraisal Skills Program

53
Q

What does RAMMbo stand for?

A

Recruitment Allocation Maintenance Measurement

54
Q

What questions should be asked to answer the R in RAMMbo?

A

Recruitment

Are p’s representative of target population?

55
Q

What questions should be asked to answer the first M in RAMMbo?

A

Maintenace
Were the individuals within groups treated equally?

Were the outcomes ascertained and analysed for most p’s?

56
Q

What questions should be asked to answer the A in RAMMbo?

A

Allocation
Was the assignment to treatment randomised?

Were the groups similiar at the start of the trial?

57
Q

What questions should be asked to answer the second M in RAMMbo?

A

Measurements
Were the P’s and clinicians blinded to treatment?

Were measurements objective and standardised?

58
Q

What does CONSORT stand for?

A

Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials

59
Q

What are CONSORTs?

A

25 item checklist for evidence based minimum set of recommendations for reporting RCTs

60
Q

What is Event rate?

A

How often outcome is observed in control and treatment conditions

61
Q

What is CER?

A

Control event rate

62
Q

What is EER?

A

Experimental event rate

63
Q

What is AAR?

A

Absolute risk reduction - simple difference

64
Q

How do you calculate AAR?

A

CER-EER

65
Q

What is NNT?

A

Number needed to treat to help one person

66
Q

How do you calculate NNT?

A

1/AAR

67
Q

What is Absolute risk?

A

individuals chance of developing a disease

68
Q

What is relative risk?

A

Compares 2 groups of people

69
Q

What is RRR?

A

Relative Risk Reduction - relative proportional difference

70
Q

How do you calculate RRR?

A

(CER-EER)/CER

71
Q

What is the Odds Ratio (OR)?

A

association between exposure and an outcome - used for control studies

72
Q

How do you calculate OR?

A

OR=axd/bxc

Box where top left x bottom right divided by bottom left x top right

73
Q

What is standard effect size?

A

Indication of the size of treatment effects.

Mean difference of 2 treatments divided by pooled variance

74
Q

What is the formula for Cohen’s d?

A

M1-M2/SDpooled

75
Q

What is a small effect size?

A

0.2

76
Q

What is a medium effect size?

A

0.5

77
Q

What is a large effect size?

A

0.8

PSYC4121 (11 decks)

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