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Y3-4 Transition Block > Evidence Based Medicine > Flashcards

Evidence Based Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

what is the best type of evidence?

A

systematic review

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2
Q

what are the three main types of study design?

A

observational descriptive
observational analytical
experimental

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3
Q

name two types of observational descriptive studies

A

case reports

case series

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4
Q

name three types of observational analytical studies

A

cross sectional study
case control study
cohort study

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5
Q

name a type of experimental study

A

randomised control trials

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6
Q

what two things are looked at when selecting patients for RCTs?

A

inclusion criteria

exclusion criteria

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7
Q

state some examples of inclusion criteria for RCTs

A

likely to benefit from the treatment

unlikely to be harmed

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8
Q

name some examples of exclusion criteria for RCTs

A

clear preference for the intervention or control by the patient or the doctor

patient unlikely to adhere to the treatment or follow up

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9
Q

what is the aim of patient selection in RCTs?

A

have a well defined group with an increased likelihood of detecting an effect

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10
Q

what is the rule of thumb when it comes to losing patients in RCTs?

A

fewer than 20% lost with similar losses for the intervention and the control

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11
Q

what is confounding?

A

when the association between an exposure and an outcome is actually the result of another variable

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12
Q

what is absolute risk (AR)?

A

the number of events in treated or control groups, divided by the number of people in that group

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13
Q

what is the ARC?

A

the AR of events in the control group

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14
Q

what is the ART?

A

the AR of events in the treatment group

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15
Q

how do you calculate the absolute risk reduction (ARR)?

A

ARC - ART

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16
Q

how do you calculate the relative risk (RR)?

A

ART/ARC

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17
Q

how do you calculate the relative risk reduction (RRR)?

A

(ARC-ART)/ARC

18
Q

how do you calculate the number needed to treat (NNT)?

A

1/ARR

19
Q

what are some qualitative research methods?

A

ask people

observe people

20
Q

what is triangulation>

A

when the area under investigation is looked at from different perspectives, with two or more research methods

21
Q

what is the role of triangulation?

A

ensure understanding is as complete as possible

confirm interpretations

22
Q

what is sensitivity?

A

how well a test detects having the disease

23
Q

how do you calculate sensitivity?

A

number of true positives/number of people with the disease x100

24
Q

describe what a highly sensitive test will do

A

pick up most of the disease whilst having very few false negatives

25
Q

what is specificity?

A

how well a test picks up not having the disease

26
Q

how do you calculate specificity?

A

number of true negatives/number of people without the disease x100

27
Q

describe what a highly specific test will do

A

correctly detects no disease with very few false positives

28
Q

what is the positive predictive value?

A

how reliable a test result is when it shows disease is present

29
Q

how do you calculate positive predictive value?

A

true positives/all positives x 100

30
Q

what is the negative predictive value?

A

how reliable a test is when it shows that disease is not present

31
Q

how do you calculate negative predictive value?

A

true negatives/all negatives x100

32
Q

what can affect the predictive values?

A

prevalence of disease

33
Q

what is opportunity cost?

A

a benefit that a person could have received but gave up to take another course of action

34
Q

name three types of economic evaluation

A

cost effective analysis
cost utility analysis
cost benefit analysis

35
Q

what is the best study design to determine the prevalence of a disease?

A

cross sectional study

36
Q

in a randomised control trial, what is reduced by randomisation?

A

selection bias

37
Q

what study type is being described: a study that looks at all children born at a hospital in one year, measuring their height at intervals up to four years of age?

A

cohort study

38
Q

what does external validity mean?

A

the extent to which one can appropriately apply results from a study to other populations

39
Q

what is the best study design to research the aetiology of a disease?

A

cohort study

40
Q

what does statistical significance mean?

A

the results of a study are unlikely to have arisen by chance alone

41
Q

what measure seeks to measure the benefits to individuals following a medical intervention?

A

QALYs

42
Q

what is saturation?

A

when there is no longer any need to sample more people to reach new conclusions or to back up/challenge existing conclusions

Y3-4 Transition Block (8 decks)

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