Europe Level 1 Flashcards
What is the warmest German region?
Baden, further south, stretching towards the Swiss border. It is noticeably drier, warmer and sunnier than the other regions.
What kind of soil is found in Mosel and Ahr?
Dark-coloured slate which retains heat during the day and radiates it out again at night.
How much ha is planted with vines in Germany?
At around 100,000 ha, Germany have the sixth largest area under vine in Europe.
What are most planted Germany White Varieties?
Riesling is most planted with 22.5%; then Muller-Thurgau with 13%; follows Silvaner; Grauburgunder; and Weisburgunder in the range of 4-5%.
What are most planted Germany Red Varieties?
Spatburgunder is the most planted red variety with 11.5%; follows Dornfelder with 8%; Portugieser 4%; and Trollinger 2.5%.
What German regions are found in climatic zone A?
All German wine-growing regions except Baden
Name four quality levels of German wine?
Deutscher Wein, Landwein, Qualitatswein, and Pradikatswein. Quality levels are increasing in order of their must weight at harvest.
What is Landwein?
German equivalent of PGI wine, at least 85 per cent of the grapes must originate in the Landwein region named on the label. Together Deutscher Wein and Landwein accounted for around 2 per cent of production of the 2017 vintage.
What is Qualitatswein?
PDO category, grapes must come from one of 13 designated quality wine regions that must appear on the label.
What is Pradikatswein?
PDO category, but with more stringent regulations. The grapes must come exclusively from a Bereich, produced from grapes with the highest must weights and enrichment is not permitted at this level.
What is Pradikat?
Six levels of German wines defined by minimum must weight. Pradikat means distinction.
Name six levels of Pradikat?
In increasing order of must weight, these are: Kabinett, Spatlese, Auslese, Beerenauslese, Eiswein, and Trockenbeerenauslese.
What is the minimum alcohol level for Beerenauslese, Eiswein and Trockenbeerenauslese wines?
Minimum alcohol level is 5.5% abv
What is the minimum alcohol level for Kabinett, Spatlese, and Auslese wines?
Minimum alcohol level is 7% abv
What are suitable conditions for noble rot to form?
Brief periods of humidity, followed by dry, sunny weather
What is mean Trocken on Geman Wine Label?
Trocken means dry. Wines with no more than 4g/l residual sugar.
What is mean Halbtrocken on Geman Wine Label?
Halbtrocken means off-dry. Wines with between 4 and 12 g/l of residual sugar.
What is mean Lieblich on Geman Wine Label?
Lieblich means medium / medium-sweet. Wines with between 12 and 45g/l of residual sugar.
What is mean Suss on Geman Wine Label?
Suss means sweet. Wines with more than 45g/l of residual sugar.
What is Bereich in Germany?
Wine-producing districts,
What is Einzellagen in Germany?
Individual vineyard site,
What is Grosslagen in Germany?
Collective vineyard sites, usually comprising several Einzellagen,
What are the four categories of VDP wine?
VDP Gutswein, VDP Ortswein, VDP Erste Lage, and VDP Grosse Lage
What is Verband Deutscher Pradikatsweinguter (VDP)?
National German association of producers committed to top quality wine production founded in 1910 which promotes their wines through a four-tier vineyard classification system.
What is the most planted variety amongst VDP members?
Riesling, accounting for over half of their vineyards.
What is Rheingau Charta (pronounced Carter)?
It was introduced in 1984 to promote dry wines from the best vineyard sites of the Rheingau.
What is Anbaugebiete?
Wine-producing regions of Germany
What is the largest wine region in Germany?
Rheinhessen is home to just under a quarter of German vineyards. It is also the largest in terms of production and yields are amongst the highest in Germany.
What are the most important white varieties in Rheinhessen?
Riesling is the most planted variety, just ahead of Muller-Thurgau, which, along with the other German crosses, is mainly used in inexpensive blends. White grapes dominate in Rheinhessen with just under 71 per cent of plantings.
What are the most important black varieties in Rheinhessen?
Dornfelder is the leading black variety, covering almost double the vineyard area of Spatburgunder.
What is the driest German wine-producing region?
Pfalz, only little less wines produced than in Rheinhessen, similar grape composition but due to warmer temperature wines tend to be slightly fuller-bodied with riper fruit flavours.
What region in Germany is warmest with most hours of sunshine?
Baden, best known for its red wines (Spatburgunder).
What is the most important white variety in Rheingau?
Riesling (78% of all plantings), the majority of these wines are made in a dry style.
What is the most important black variety in Rheingau?
Spatburgunder
Name most famous Bereich found in Mosel?
Bereich Bernkastel is the most famous.
Name Bereich found in Rheingau?
Bereich Johannisberg is the only bereich in the Rheingau and covers the whole region.
What is Grauburgunder?
German synonym for Pinot Gris used for the increasingly popular dry wines made from this grape in Germany. Sweeter wines are normally labelled Rulander.
What is mean Grosses Gewachs?
VDP classification of dry wines from the best vineyards, must be Spätlese ripeness. Not official part of German law but conceived by a group of best producers. Abbrevation is GG, means Great Sites, and half of production is Riesling. Like great Burgundy it takes name from vineyard not village.
What is Erste Gewachs?
Legal term used for dry wines in the Rheingau from the best vineyards. But only in Rheingau, and it is a legaly defined term.
Geisenheim village is found in what German Region?
Rheingau
Piesport village is found in what German Region?
Mosel
Erden village is found in what German Region?
Mosel
Bernkastel village is found in what German Region?
Mosel
Assmannshausen village is found in what German Region?
Rheingau
Hattenheim village is found in what German Region?
Rheingau
Nackenheim village is found in what German Region?
Rheinhessen
Oppenheim village is found in what German Region?
Rheinhessen
Kallstadt village is found in what German Region?
Pfalz
Bad Durkheim village is found in what German Region?
Pfalz
Niederhausen village is found in what German Region?
Nahe
Schlossbockelheim village is found in what German Region?
Nahe
How much of land is planted with vines for wine production in Austria?
46,500 ha. One third of Austria area under vines is red varieties, they doubled in the last two decades.
What are the most important white varieties in Austria?
Gruner Veltliner (31% of all plantings), Welschriesling, Riesling (only 4% of all plantings)
What are the most important red varieties in Austria?
Zweigelt (most planted), Blaufrankisch, Sankt Laurent
What are Blaufrankisch synonyms?
Lemberger (Germany); Frankovka (Vojvodina).
What are the prime destinations for Blaufrankisch variety?
Leithaberg DAC and Mittelburgenland DAC
How is in Austria called Wine with Protected Geographic Indication (PGI)?
Landwein
How is in Austria called Wine with Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)?
Qualitatswein. More than 85 per cent of production.
Name three tiers of DAC quality hierarchy?
Regional (Gebietswein), village (Ortswein) and single vineyard wines (Riedenwein)
Name four federal states in Austria that have any significant amount of viticulture?
Niederosterreich, Burgenland, Steiermark, and Wien.
What is Austria largest grape growing region?
Niederosterreich (Lower Austria). Two thirds of the plantings are of white varieties with Gruner Veltliner accounting for nearly half of all plantings. Many of Austrias most famous vineyards are situated in this region.
Name three regions Niederosterreich is generally broken down?
Weinviertel, regions along the Danube that are west of Vienna, and Pannonian plain
Name five regions along the Danube that are west of Vienna?
Wachau, Kremstal, Kamptal, Traisental and Wagram
What is the largest appellation in Niederosterreich?
Weinviertel. Not only in Niederosterreich but also in Austria as a whole.
What are most important Weinviertel varieties?
Principal grape variety is Gruner and it can be applied for Weinviertel DAC designation, all other varieties from Weinviertel are labelled Lower Austria. Muller-Thurgau; Welschriesling Weissburgunder and Riesling.
How much ha of vineyards Spain have?
The largest vineyard plantings in the world with 967,000 ha under production, however it is only the world third largest producer of wine (by volume), behind Italy and France.
Name two grape varieties that have the largest plantings in Spain?
Airen and Tempranillo
Name three most prestigious regions in Spain for Tempranillo?
Rioja, Ribera del Duero and Toro
What is the Spanish term for PDO wines?
Denominacion de Origen (DO).
Name two wine regions that have the status of Denominacion de Origen Calificada (DOCa)?
Rioja and Priorat (Catalan: Denominacio dOrigen Qualificada (DOQ))
What is the Spanish term for PGI wines?
Vino de la Tierra (VT)
What is mean Crianza on Spanish label for red wines?
Red wines must be matured for two years, minimum of six months in barricas; which means a 2004 vintage may be sold from January 1 2007. Rioja; Ribera del Duero; and Navarra require one year in barrel for reds.
What is mean Reserva on Spanish label for red wines?
Red wines must be matured for three calendar years following the harvest; including a minimum of one year in barricas.
What is mean Gran Reserva on Spanish label for red wines?
Red wines must be matured for five calendar years following the harvest; including a minimum of 18 months in barricas. Rioja; Ribera del Duero; and Navarra require two years in barrel for reds.
What is the largest DO in Spain and also largest PDO in Europe?
La Mancha DO with 158,000 ha under the vines
What is the largest DO in Galicia?
Rias Baixas DO, just over 4000 ha of vines.
What is the most important variety in Rias Baixas?
Over 95 per cent of production is from the Albarino grape.
What is the most important variety in Bierzo DO?
Mencia is the key black grape, making up 75 per cent of all plantings, with some Godello and other white Galician varieties also grown.
What is the most important variety in Ribera del Duero DO?
The reds must be a minimum of 75 per cent Tempranillo, with Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Malbec, Garnacha and Albillo (a white grape that can add freshness to the blend, but is rarely used) also permitted, but, in reality, many wines are made entirely from Tempranillo.
What is the most important variety in Rueda DO?
The key grape variety is Verdejo. Sauvignon Blanc is the next most important grape variety and can either be blended with Verdejo or be made as a single varietal wine.
Name two DO region in Galicia that are producing good quality wines from Mencia?
Ribeira Sacra DO and Monterrei DO
What was the first winery to be established in Ribera del Duero?
Vega Sicilia in the late 19th century but the winery that sparked the change so region became popular was Alejandro Fernandez Pesquera.
Name three best producers in Ribera del Duero DO?
Vega Sicilia, Dominio de Pingus, and Bodegas Aalto.
Name three zones of Rioja?
Rioja Alta, Rioja Alavesa and Rioja Oriental
How many ha are planted with vines in Rioja?
There are currently just over 64,000 ha of vineyards, an increase of 50 per cent compared to plantings in 1990, and a figure that is still growing gradually.
What are the most important black varieties in Rioja?
Tempranillo is by far the most planted grape, making up 88 per cent of plantings of black grape varieties. Garnacha is the second most planted grape variety. Others are Graciano, Mazuelo (Carignan), and Cabernet Sauvignon (very small plantings)
What are the most important white varieties in Rioja?
Viura (Macabeo) making up around 70 per cent of plantings of white grape varieties but only 6.5 per cent of total plantings in Rioja. Tempranillo Blanco, Malvasia, Garnacha Blanca, Verdejo and Sauvignon Blanc.
What are the most important white varieties in Priorat DOQ?
Garnacha Blanca and Macabeo, make up just 6 per cent of all plantings, and are used to make a small amount of white wine.
What are the most important red varieties in Priorat DOQ?
Garnacha is the most planted, then another traditional variety Cariena. International varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah and Merlot make up the majority of the rest of the plantings but their popularity has begun to fall, and some producers use only Garnacha and/or Carinena.
Name two companies that are the biggest producers of Cava?
Freixenet and Codorniu
More than 95 per cent of Cava is produced in what region?
Penedes in Cataluna
What grape varieties are used for production of Cava?
Macabeo, Xarel-lo and Parellada. Chardonnay is increasingly used in blends.
How much ha are planted with vines in Portugal?
190,000 ha, considerable decline since country joined EU, since focus is on higher quality planting material and sites
What are three most planted red varieties in Portugal?
Tempranillo, Touriga Franca, Castelao
What are three most planted white varieties in Portugal?
Fernao Pires, Roupeiro, Arinto
What are the most important grapes used for Douro DOC red wines?
Touriga Nacional, Touriga Franca, Tinta Roriz, Tinta Barroca and Tinta Cao. Douro wines are usually blends but single varietal wines, typically of Touriga Nacional or Tinta Roriz, can be found but are relatively rare.
How much ha are planted with vines in Porto?
Around 38,000 ha are registered for the production of DOC wines, either Porto DOC for fortified wines or Douro DOC for unfortified wines. By far the largest proportion is red wines (over 75 per cent of sales)
Name three sub-regions of Douro region?
Baixo Corgo (coolest and wettest region), the Cima Corgo (warmer and drier), and the Douro Superior or Upper Douro (hot and arid).
What is the most planted grape variety in Greece?
Savatiano. It is mainly used to produce large volumes of inexpensive wine and is also the most common ingredient in Retsina. Good Savatiano wines have subtle aromas of citrus, pear and stone fruit as well as a nutty character with age.
What is the second most planted grape variety in Greece?
Roditis. Used to produce large volumes of inexpensive wine and as a blending ingredient in Retsina. The best examples are medium-bodied with high acidity and flavours of ripe fruit, such as melon.
What is Greeces best-known and most prized indigenous white grape?
Assyrtiko. Originally from Santorini, it is now widely planted on the mainland. Dry Assyrtiko typically has citrus, stone and tropical fruit, often with a strong smoky or flint characteristic. It also retains high levels of acidity when ripe, even in the hottest conditions.
Sauvignon Blanc is usually blended with what local variety in Greece?
Assyrtiko
Merlot is usually blended with what local variety in Greece?
Xinomavro, Merlot is used to soften out Xinomavro rough edges.
What is the most planted red grape variety in Greece?
Agiorgitiko. The reds are deeply coloured with medium acidity, medium to high levels of soft tannins, medium alcohol and aromas of ripe red fruit (although it can become jammy if allowed to get extra ripe) and sweet spices.
What is most prized indigenous black grape variety in Greece?
Xinomavro, often likened to Nebbiolo: in their youth, the wines can have unpleasantly high levels of acidity and grippy tannins with aromas that are more vegetal than fruity. The wines are pale-coloured and turn garnet rapidly.
Xinomavro most famous wines come from what region in Greece?
Naoussa in northern Macedonia.
Name Greece first wine region to be given its own official appellation title?
Naoussa in Macedonia became Greece very first wine region to be given its own official appellation title in 1971. Must be 100% Xinomavro; some producers adds Merlot and Syrah; but these must be sold under Macedonia PGI appellation.
What is the Greek word for wine?
Oenos
