Where does DNA replication, transcription (DNA as template to make RNA), translation (RNA used as template to make protein) takes place in Prokaryotic cells?

All take place in the same compartment!!

eukaryotic and prokaryotic Flashcards by Maya K

What does Cell theory state?

-The cell is the smallest unit of life
-All living things are made of ONE or MORE cells
-All new cells come from preexisting cells

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Cell size:

-is limited
-Most rely on diffusion of substances in
and out of cell
Diffusion is affected by:
* Surface area available
* Temperature
* Concentration gradient
* Distance

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What is diffusion of substances in
and out of cell

The cell regulates the entry and exit of substances through its plasma membrane.
-IN: oxygen, water, nutrients
-OUT: Carbon dioxide, waste, products (protein)

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As ↑ radius of a cell goes up, what happens to the SA: V?

↓SA:V

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Are larger or smaller cells more efficient?

smaller units are more efficient!

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Is a larger SA:V for a cell good or bad? and why?

Larger SA:V means that the cell is
more efficient
* For every unit of volume there
are more units of membrane
that can “suck” up nutrients or
get rid of waste
* Metabolic needs set the upper
limits on the size of cells

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What do ALL cells have?

Plasma membrane
* Cytoplasm
* Semifluid substance called cytosol
* DNA: chromosome(s) (carry genes)
* Ribosomes (make proteins)

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Prokaryotic cells, types, differences, where is DNA located?

Bacteria and Archaea
* No nucleus
* DNA in unbound region called the nucleoid region
* No membrane-bound
organelles

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Prokaryotic cells
* Inside plasma membrane: functions

Cytoplasm: region of the cell that is contained within the plasma membrane
Nucleoid region: location of DNA
Ribosomes: protein synthesizers

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Prokaryotic cells
* Outside the plasma membrane: functions

Cell wall: provides support and protection
* Glycocalyx: outer viscous covering
-Appendages
* Pili: attachment to other bacteria cells
* Flagella: movement
Prokaryotic cells

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Where does DNA replication, transcription (DNA as template to make RNA), translation
(RNA used as template to make protein) takes place in Prokaryotic cells?

All take place in the same compartment!!

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Where is the DNA located in Eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus

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Are Eukaryotic cells in plants or animals?

Both, including fungi, and protists

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Cytosol

Inside plasma membrane BUT region of eukaryotic cells that is outside
organelles

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Cytoplasm

Everything inside the plasma membrane, including cytosol

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Cytoskeleton
* Function:

Supports and
maintains cell shape
* Holds organelles in
position
* Moves organelles
* Involved in
cytoplasmic
streaming
* Interacts with
extracellular
structures to anchor
cell in place

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What are the three main fibers of cytoskeleton?

Actin filaments
(microfilaments)
Microtubules (tubulin
polymers)
Intermediate filaments

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Microfilament functions?
(Actin)

two intertwined strands of Actin
-Maintenace of cell shape
-muscle contraction
-cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
-cell division in animal cells

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Microtubules (tubulin
polymers) functions?

-Maintenace of cell shape
helps with CELL DIVISION
-biggest from the 3

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Intermediate filament functions?

-Maintenace of cell shape
-anchoring age of nucleus and certain other organelles
-formation of nuclear lamina

How do Motor proteins interact with cytoskeletal filaments to
promote movement?

Use ATP as a source of energy for
movement

ATP structure:

Adenosine, ribosome, triphosphate

What are the Three domains of motor proteins?

head, hinge, and tail

Network of membrane enclosing system list:

Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles

List the Endomembrane system major function

Protein exportation/sorting

What is the Nuclear envelope?

*Encloses nucleus * Double membrane * Outer membrane continuous with ER membrane * Nuclear pores: regulates entry and exit of molecules

Nucleus function:

* Protection, organization, replication * Expression of genetic material * Assembly of ribosome subunits

Chromosome

composed of genetic material

Chromatin

complex formed between DNA and proteins that help compact chromosomes

Nuclear matrix

has a Nuclear lamina: both provides structure to nucleus * Internal nuclear matrix

Nucleolus

Site of ribosome assembly

Cisternae

Flattened, fluid-filled tubules made from a network of membranes that makes up Endoplasmic reticulum

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Studded with ribosomes * Functions: * Sorting proteins * Synthesizing proteins * Glycosylating proteins and lipids * Attachment of carbohydrates to proteins and lipids

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Little to no ribosomes * Functions in diverse metabolic processes: * Carbohydrate metabolism * Accumulation Ca2+ * Synthesis and modification of lipids * Detoxifies drugs and poisons

Golgi apparatus, structure and function

Stack of flattened, membrane bound compartments: Cis, Medial, Trans Functions: Directs the processing of molecules from the ER, protein processing

Lysosomes

Involved in intracellular digestion of macromolecules * Contain: acid hydrolases * Break down polymers into monomers * Requires water * Function optimally at acidic pH

Vacuoles: function and types

Function: storage, regulation of cell volume, and degradation * Types: * Central vacuole * Contractile vacuole * Degradation

Peroxisomes: structure and function

Single membrane, fluid-filled lumen * Functions: * Breakdown organic molecules * Catalyze detoxifying reactions

Semiautonomous organelles are...

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Semiautonomous organelles function

* Contain own DNA * Depend on the cell for synthesis of internal components * Grow and divide to reproduce themselves

Mitochondrial function

make ATP

Cellular respiration

metabolic process that uses oxygen to make ATP

Chloroplast; function and structure

Carry out photosynthesis * Structure * Membranes: * Inner membrane * Outer membrane * Thylakoid membrane

mitochondrion and chloroplast derived from what?

* Mitochondria were derived from purple bacteria * Chloroplasts were derived from cyanobacteria * A photosynthetic blue-green bacteria

Endosymbiosis theory

Inner membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar to plasma membranes of prokaryotes * Division of chloroplasts and mitochondria is similar in these organelles and some prokaryotes Endosymbiosis theory * DNA structure of chloroplasts and mitochondria is similar to that of prokaryotes * Chloroplasts and mitochondria transcribe and translate their own DNA * Chloroplast and mitochondrial ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic ribosomes than eukaryotic ribosomes

The different Sorting signals of proteins

* No signal * Cotranslational sorting * Post-translational sorting

No signal process

stays in cytosol

cotranslational sorting

Proteins with the final destination of ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane, or section follow cotranslational sorting

post-translational sorting

Proteins with the final destination of nucleus, peroxisomes, mitochondria, or chloroplasts follow post-translational sorting