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BIO > eukaryotic and prokaryotic > Flashcards

eukaryotic and prokaryotic Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does Cell theory state?

A

-The cell is the smallest unit of life
-All living things are made of ONE or MORE cells
-All new cells come from preexisting cells

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2
Q

Cell size:

A

-is limited
-Most rely on diffusion of substances in
and out of cell
Diffusion is affected by:
* Surface area available
* Temperature
* Concentration gradient
* Distance

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3
Q

What is diffusion of substances in
and out of cell

A

The cell regulates the entry and exit of substances through its plasma membrane.
-IN: oxygen, water, nutrients
-OUT: Carbon dioxide, waste, products (protein)

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4
Q

As ↑ radius of a cell goes up, what happens to the SA: V?

A

↓SA:V

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5
Q

Are larger or smaller cells more efficient?

A

smaller units are more efficient!

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6
Q

Is a larger SA:V for a cell good or bad? and why?

A

Larger SA:V means that the cell is
more efficient
* For every unit of volume there
are more units of membrane
that can “suck” up nutrients or
get rid of waste
* Metabolic needs set the upper
limits on the size of cells

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7
Q

What do ALL cells have?

A

Plasma membrane
* Cytoplasm
* Semifluid substance called cytosol
* DNA: chromosome(s) (carry genes)
* Ribosomes (make proteins)

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8
Q

Prokaryotic cells, types, differences, where is DNA located?

A

Bacteria and Archaea
* No nucleus
* DNA in unbound region called the nucleoid region
* No membrane-bound
organelles

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9
Q

Prokaryotic cells
* Inside plasma membrane: functions

A
  • Cytoplasm: region of the cell that is contained within the plasma membrane
  • Nucleoid region: location of DNA
  • Ribosomes: protein synthesizers
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10
Q

Prokaryotic cells
* Outside the plasma membrane: functions

A

Cell wall: provides support and protection
* Glycocalyx: outer viscous covering
-Appendages
* Pili: attachment to other bacteria cells
* Flagella: movement
Prokaryotic cells

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11
Q
  • Where does DNA replication, transcription (DNA as template to make RNA), translation
    (RNA used as template to make protein) takes place in Prokaryotic cells?
A
  • All take place in the same compartment!!
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12
Q

Where is the DNA located in Eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

Are Eukaryotic cells in plants or animals?

A

Both, including fungi, and protists

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14
Q

Cytosol

A

Inside plasma membrane BUT region of eukaryotic cells that is outside
organelles

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everything inside the plasma membrane, including cytosol

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16
Q

Cytoskeleton
* Function:

A

Supports and
maintains cell shape
* Holds organelles in
position
* Moves organelles
* Involved in
cytoplasmic
streaming
* Interacts with
extracellular
structures to anchor
cell in place

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17
Q

What are the three main fibers of cytoskeleton?

A

Actin filaments
(microfilaments)
Microtubules (tubulin
polymers)
Intermediate filaments

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18
Q

Microfilament functions?
(Actin)

A

two intertwined strands of Actin
-Maintenace of cell shape
-muscle contraction
-cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
-cell division in animal cells

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19
Q

Microtubules (tubulin
polymers) functions?

A

-Maintenace of cell shape
helps with CELL DIVISION
-biggest from the 3

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20
Q

Intermediate filament functions?

A

-Maintenace of cell shape
-anchoring age of nucleus and certain other organelles
-formation of nuclear lamina

21
Q

How do Motor proteins interact with cytoskeletal filaments to
promote movement?

A

Use ATP as a source of energy for
movement

22
Q

ATP structure:

A

Adenosine, ribosome, triphosphate

23
Q

What are the Three domains of motor proteins?

A

head, hinge, and tail

24
Q

Network of membrane enclosing system list:

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
25
Q

List the Endomembrane system major function

A

Protein exportation/sorting

26
Q

What is the Nuclear envelope?

A

*Encloses nucleus
* Double membrane
* Outer membrane continuous
with ER membrane
* Nuclear pores: regulates entry
and exit of molecules

27
Q

Nucleus function:

A
  • Protection, organization, replication
  • Expression of genetic material
  • Assembly of ribosome subunits
28
Q

Chromosome

A

composed of genetic
material

29
Q

Chromatin

A

complex formed
between DNA and proteins that
help compact chromosomes

30
Q

Nuclear matrix

A

has a Nuclear lamina: both provides structure to
nucleus
* Internal nuclear matrix

31
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome assembly

32
Q

Cisternae

A

Flattened, fluid-filled tubules made from a network of membranes that makes up Endoplasmic reticulum

33
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Studded with ribosomes
* Functions:
* Sorting proteins
* Synthesizing proteins
* Glycosylating proteins and lipids
* Attachment of carbohydrates to proteins
and lipids

34
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Little to no ribosomes
* Functions in diverse metabolic processes:
* Carbohydrate metabolism
* Accumulation Ca2+
* Synthesis and modification of lipids
* Detoxifies drugs and poisons

35
Q

Golgi apparatus, structure and function

A

Stack of flattened,
membrane bound
compartments:
Cis, Medial, Trans
Functions:
Directs the processing of
molecules from the ER, protein processing

36
Q

Lysosomes

A

Involved in intracellular digestion of
macromolecules
* Contain: acid hydrolases
* Break down polymers
into monomers
* Requires water
* Function optimally at acidic pH

37
Q

Vacuoles: function and types

A

Function: storage, regulation of
cell volume, and degradation
* Types:
* Central vacuole
* Contractile vacuole
* Degradation

38
Q

Peroxisomes: structure and function

A

Single membrane, fluid-filled lumen
* Functions:
* Breakdown organic molecules
* Catalyze detoxifying reactions

39
Q

Semiautonomous organelles are…

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

40
Q

Semiautonomous organelles function

A
  • Contain own DNA
  • Depend on the cell for synthesis of
    internal components
  • Grow and divide to reproduce
    themselves
41
Q

Mitochondrial function

A

make ATP

42
Q

Cellular respiration

A

metabolic process that uses oxygen to
make ATP

43
Q

Chloroplast; function and structure

A

Carry out photosynthesis
* Structure
* Membranes:
* Inner membrane
* Outer membrane
* Thylakoid membrane

44
Q

mitochondrion and chloroplast derived from what?

A
  • Mitochondria were derived from purple
    bacteria
  • Chloroplasts were derived from
    cyanobacteria
  • A photosynthetic blue-green bacteria
45
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

Inner membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar to plasma
membranes of prokaryotes
* Division of chloroplasts and mitochondria is similar in these organelles and
some prokaryotes
Endosymbiosis theory
* DNA structure of chloroplasts and
mitochondria is similar to that of
prokaryotes
* Chloroplasts and mitochondria
transcribe and translate their
own DNA
* Chloroplast and mitochondrial
ribosomes are more similar to
prokaryotic ribosomes than
eukaryotic ribosomes

46
Q

The different Sorting signals of proteins

A
  • No signal
  • Cotranslational sorting
  • Post-translational sorting
47
Q

No signal process

A

stays in cytosol

48
Q

cotranslational
sorting

A

Proteins with the final destination of ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles,
plasma membrane, or section follow cotranslational sorting

49
Q

post-translational
sorting

A

Proteins with the final destination of nucleus, peroxisomes, mitochondria,
or chloroplasts follow post-translational sorting

BIO (7 decks)

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