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BIO > Carbohydrates and Lipids > Flashcards

Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large, complex organic molecules

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2
Q

Isomer

A

2 molecules with identical
molecular formula, with different
structures and characteristics

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3
Q

Organic molecules

A

Carbon containing molecules

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4
Q

Carbon can form how many covalent bonds

A

4 covalent bonds

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5
Q

Hydrocarbons
-what kind of bond do they have?

A

molecules with high proportion of hydrogen-carbon bonds
- nonpolar covalent bonds

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6
Q

Tell me about Carbon bonds

A

Can form polar or nonpolar
* Stable at a large range of temperatures
* Strong: carbon atom being small
* Can bind to several important functional groups

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7
Q

Function group

A

A functional group or moiety is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule

(chemical group)

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8
Q

Name the 3 ways isomers may occur

A

Structural isomer, Cis-trans isomers,
Enantiomer

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9
Q

Describe a Structural Isomer

A

Different structure
* Same atoms, but different
bond relationships

(same molecular formula but atoms are connected in a different order)

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10
Q

Describe Cis-trans isomers

A

Double bond positions
* Cis-isomer: on the same side

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11
Q

Describe Trans-isomer

A

Double bond positions
Trans-isomer: on opposite sides

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12
Q

Describe a Enantiomer

A

Mirror image molecules
* May bind to molecules differently
depending on orientation

Ex: left handed glove looks exactly like a right handed glove but will not fit on your right hand

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13
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars
-composed of C,H, and O atoms (carbon with water)
* Usually, long chains
-ex:glucose, starch
Used to make ATP for energy

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14
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic molecules
* Not a true polymer
-nonpolar
-ex: fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes
key part of cell membrane, hormones and energy storageq

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15
Q

Proteins

A

Polymers of amino acids

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16
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymers of nucleotides
-Stores genetic information
ex: DNA and RNA

17
Q

Monomer

A

one-part
* Made of atoms and molecules

18
Q

Polymer

A

many parts
* Made of monomers

19
Q

Monosaccharides

A

The most basic form of carbohydrates, composed of a single molecule or subunit.
-Simplest sugars, small

20
Q

Disaccharide

A

Composed of two monosaccharides

21
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Many monosaccharides

22
Q

What is a pentose

A

A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms
Ex: Ribose (C5H10O5)
* Ex: Deoxyribose

23
Q

What is a Hexoses

A

monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms
Ex: Glucose (C6H12O6

24
Q

Monosaccharides are joined by..

A

a dehydration, or condensation reaction
* Removal of:
* Hydroxyl group from one
monosaccharide
* Hydrogen from the other
monosaccharide
* Produces:
* H2O
* Covalent bond between the two sugars
through an Oxygen

25
Q

Starch structure

A
  • Less branches
  • Less soluble
26
Q

Glycogen structure

A

Lots of branching

27
Q

Cellulose structure

A

Different glycosidic
linkages: line

28
Q

Triglycerides

A

Formed when:
* Glycerol binds to 3 fatty
acids
* Major function of fats:
* Energy storage

Types differ by:
* Length
* Presence or absence of double
bonds
* Saturated vs unsaturated

29
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

All single linked carbon covalent
bonds
* Carbons are filled with
hydrogens
* Properties:
* High melting point
* Solid at room temperature

ex: butter

30
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

2 or more carbons in the fatty
acid contain a double bond
* Each double bond forms a kink
* Properties:
* Lower melting point
* Liquid at room temperature

ex: oil

31
Q

Monounsaturated

A

Has one carbon-to-carbon double bond
1 C=C

32
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

Has two or more double bonds
≥2 C=C

33
Q

Phospholipid

A

Type of lipid
* Difference:
* 3rd hydroxyl group on glycerol
backbone is linked to a
phosphate
* Properties:
* Amphipathic
* Polar head and nonpolar tail

34
Q

Steroids

A

Type of lipid
* Has a distinct shape from other lipids
* 4 fused rings of carbon atoms

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