Carbohydrates and Lipids

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

Large, complex organic molecules

Question 2

Isomer

Answer 2

2 molecules with identical
molecular formula, with different
structures and characteristics

Question 3

Organic molecules

Answer 3

Carbon containing molecules

Question 4

Carbon can form how many covalent bonds

Answer 4

4 covalent bonds

Question 5

Hydrocarbons
-what kind of bond do they have?

Answer 5

molecules with high proportion of hydrogen-carbon bonds
- nonpolar covalent bonds

Question 6

Tell me about Carbon bonds

Answer 6

Can form polar or nonpolar
* Stable at a large range of temperatures
* Strong: carbon atom being small
* Can bind to several important functional groups

Question 7

Function group

Answer 7

A functional group or moiety is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule

(chemical group)

Question 8

Name the 3 ways isomers may occur

Answer 8

Structural isomer, Cis-trans isomers,
Enantiomer

Question 9

Describe a Structural Isomer

Answer 9

Different structure
* Same atoms, but different
bond relationships

(same molecular formula but atoms are connected in a different order)

Question 10

Describe Cis-trans isomers

Answer 10

Double bond positions
* Cis-isomer: on the same side

Question 11

Describe Trans-isomer

Answer 11

Double bond positions
Trans-isomer: on opposite sides

Question 12

Describe a Enantiomer

Answer 12

Mirror image molecules
* May bind to molecules differently
depending on orientation

Ex: left handed glove looks exactly like a right handed glove but will not fit on your right hand

Question 13

Carbohydrates

Answer 13

Sugars
-composed of C,H, and O atoms (carbon with water)
* Usually, long chains
-ex:glucose, starch
Used to make ATP for energy

Question 14

Lipids

Answer 14

Hydrophobic molecules
* Not a true polymer
-nonpolar
-ex: fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes
key part of cell membrane, hormones and energy storageq

Question 15

Proteins

Answer 15

Polymers of amino acids

Question 16

Nucleic acids

Answer 16

Polymers of nucleotides
-Stores genetic information
ex: DNA and RNA

Question 17

Monomer

Answer 17

one-part
* Made of atoms and molecules

Question 18

Polymer

Answer 18

many parts
* Made of monomers

Question 19

Monosaccharides

Answer 19

The most basic form of carbohydrates, composed of a single molecule or subunit.
-Simplest sugars, small

Question 20

Disaccharide

Answer 20

Composed of two monosaccharides

Question 21

Polysaccharide

Answer 21

Many monosaccharides

Question 22

What is a pentose

Answer 22

A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms
Ex: Ribose (C5H10O5)
* Ex: Deoxyribose

Question 23

What is a Hexoses

Answer 23

monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms
Ex: Glucose (C6H12O6

Question 24

Monosaccharides are joined by..

Answer 24

a dehydration, or condensation reaction
* Removal of:
* Hydroxyl group from one
monosaccharide
* Hydrogen from the other
monosaccharide
* Produces:
* H2O
* Covalent bond between the two sugars
through an Oxygen

Question 25

Starch structure

Answer 25

* Less branches * Less soluble

Question 26

Glycogen structure

Answer 26

Lots of branching

Question 27

Cellulose structure

Answer 27

Different glycosidic linkages: line

Question 28

Triglycerides

Answer 28

Formed when: * Glycerol binds to 3 fatty acids * Major function of fats: * Energy storage Types differ by: * Length * Presence or absence of double bonds * Saturated vs unsaturated

Question 29

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 29

All single linked carbon covalent bonds * Carbons are filled with hydrogens * Properties: * High melting point * Solid at room temperature ex: butter

Question 30

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 30

2 or more carbons in the fatty acid contain a double bond * Each double bond forms a kink * Properties: * Lower melting point * Liquid at room temperature ex: oil

Question 31

Monounsaturated

Answer 31

Has one carbon-to-carbon double bond 1 C=C

Question 32

Polyunsaturated

Answer 32

Has two or more double bonds ≥2 C=C

Question 33

Phospholipid

Answer 33

Type of lipid * Difference: * 3rd hydroxyl group on glycerol backbone is linked to a phosphate * Properties: * Amphipathic * Polar head and nonpolar tail

Question 34

Steroids

Answer 34

Type of lipid * Has a distinct shape from other lipids * 4 fused rings of carbon atoms