Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards
Macromolecules
Large, complex organic molecules
Isomer
2 molecules with identical
molecular formula, with different
structures and characteristics
Organic molecules
Carbon containing molecules
Carbon can form how many covalent bonds
4 covalent bonds
Hydrocarbons
-what kind of bond do they have?
molecules with high proportion of hydrogen-carbon bonds
- nonpolar covalent bonds
Tell me about Carbon bonds
Can form polar or nonpolar
* Stable at a large range of temperatures
* Strong: carbon atom being small
* Can bind to several important functional groups
Function group
A functional group or moiety is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule
(chemical group)
Name the 3 ways isomers may occur
Structural isomer, Cis-trans isomers,
Enantiomer
Describe a Structural Isomer
Different structure
* Same atoms, but different
bond relationships
(same molecular formula but atoms are connected in a different order)
Describe Cis-trans isomers
Double bond positions
* Cis-isomer: on the same side
Describe Trans-isomer
Double bond positions
Trans-isomer: on opposite sides
Describe a Enantiomer
Mirror image molecules
* May bind to molecules differently
depending on orientation
Ex: left handed glove looks exactly like a right handed glove but will not fit on your right hand
Carbohydrates
Sugars
-composed of C,H, and O atoms (carbon with water)
* Usually, long chains
-ex:glucose, starch
Used to make ATP for energy
Lipids
Hydrophobic molecules
* Not a true polymer
-nonpolar
-ex: fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes
key part of cell membrane, hormones and energy storageq
Proteins
Polymers of amino acids
Nucleic acids
Polymers of nucleotides
-Stores genetic information
ex: DNA and RNA
Monomer
one-part
* Made of atoms and molecules
Polymer
many parts
* Made of monomers
Monosaccharides
The most basic form of carbohydrates, composed of a single molecule or subunit.
-Simplest sugars, small
Disaccharide
Composed of two monosaccharides
Polysaccharide
Many monosaccharides
What is a pentose
A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms
Ex: Ribose (C5H10O5)
* Ex: Deoxyribose
What is a Hexoses
monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms
Ex: Glucose (C6H12O6
Monosaccharides are joined by..
a dehydration, or condensation reaction
* Removal of:
* Hydroxyl group from one
monosaccharide
* Hydrogen from the other
monosaccharide
* Produces:
* H2O
* Covalent bond between the two sugars
through an Oxygen
Starch structure
- Less branches
- Less soluble
Glycogen structure
Lots of branching
Cellulose structure
Different glycosidic
linkages: line
Triglycerides
Formed when:
* Glycerol binds to 3 fatty
acids
* Major function of fats:
* Energy storage
Types differ by:
* Length
* Presence or absence of double
bonds
* Saturated vs unsaturated
Saturated fatty acids
All single linked carbon covalent
bonds
* Carbons are filled with
hydrogens
* Properties:
* High melting point
* Solid at room temperature
ex: butter
Unsaturated fatty acids
2 or more carbons in the fatty
acid contain a double bond
* Each double bond forms a kink
* Properties:
* Lower melting point
* Liquid at room temperature
ex: oil
Monounsaturated
Has one carbon-to-carbon double bond
1 C=C
Polyunsaturated
Has two or more double bonds
≥2 C=C
Phospholipid
Type of lipid
* Difference:
* 3rd hydroxyl group on glycerol
backbone is linked to a
phosphate
* Properties:
* Amphipathic
* Polar head and nonpolar tail
Steroids
Type of lipid
* Has a distinct shape from other lipids
* 4 fused rings of carbon atoms
