Eukaryotes Flashcards
Eukaryote means
True nucleus
DNA
Is in the nucleus.
Has several chromosomes.
Associated with histones and nonhistone proteins.
Eukaryotic Organelles include:
(All are within the plasma membrane)–
Endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi Apparatus,
Lysosomes,
Mitochondria,
Chloroplasts.
Cell walls are chemically simple, meaning:
No peptidoglycan and no high sugars.
Not in animal cells.
Eukaryotes divide by mitosis? T/F
True
Size of eukaryotes?
10-100 micrometer which is huge compared to the 0.2-2 prokaryote.
Eukaryotes contain everything that is not bacteria or archaea? T/F
True
Main players in eukaryotes?
Algae, fungi, protozoa,
animal and plant cells (macroscopic)
What were the first living cells?
Prokaryotes
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
Organelles inside eukaryotic cells arose form engulfed prokaryotic cells.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA that resemble prokaryotic DNA.
Ancestors of mitochondria were oxygen requiring bacteria.
Ancestors of chloroplasts were photosynthetic bacteria.
External structures to know:
Flagellum,
Cilia,
Glycocalyx,
Cell Wall (fungi),
Plasma Membrane.
Explain flagella
9+2 arrangement.
It’s purpose is to allow the organism to be mobile.
Flagella have microtubules (long tube) inside of it which is arranged with a 9+2 arrangement.
Organized and arranged.
Cilia is only associated with eukaryotes. Explain what cilia is, the arrangement, and what it does.
Short flagella,
Same 9+2 arrangement,
Usually more numerous than flagella,
Allows for quick swimming (up to 1.5 M per minute),
Cilia helps feed microbes.
Glycocalyx in eukaryotes
Complex multi-sugar polysaccharide,
Has fibers,
Usually more structured and complex than bacterial glycocalyx.
Typical eukaryotes you see with a cell wall include:
Algae-
Protozoa (not technically a cell was b/c it’s not rigid but it’s an outer layer on the outer layer called a Pellicle allowing it to be more robust but flexible)-
Yeasts-
Fungi.
Internal structures of eukaryotes to know:
Nucleus-
Endoplasmic Reticulum-
Ribosomes-
Golgi Apparatus-
Lysosome-
Mitochondria-
Chloroplasts-
(each of these have their own membranes to them)
Explain the nucleus:
The nucleus contains 4 parts:
Nucleolus (dark part)- region of rRNA concentration and where rRNA gets synthesized,
Chromatin- DNA,
Nuclear Pores- Passageways for mRNA to get out,
Nuclear Envelope- Membrane that encloses the nucleus.
What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
The place where mRNA gets translated.
Rough because Ribosomes are attached to it.
RER and SER- (SER has no ribosomes).
Extend out from nucleus.
What is the Golgi?
It’s the packing and processing plant.
Transitional vesicles from RER come to the Golgi- they go through Cisternae and become modified.
Are sent out in condensing vesicles to go to the ending destination.
What is a “Bleb”?
When proteins are made up, they’re loaded up into a “bleb” making what’s called a “transitional vesicle” that contains the protein that needs to be packaged or modified.
What does the “Transitional Vesicle” do?
It merges with the Golgi body and it will be processed and “blebbed” out to where it needs to go.
Explain what a Lysosome is
Originate from the Golgi.
Contains digestive enzymes.
Helps digests food.
Can digest old and rotten cell debris.
Explain the process of the Lysosome
Food is brought into a vesicle.
The vesicle will merge with a lysosome that came off the Golgi. This will allow the toxic oxygen species and digestive enzymes to be dumped onto the food particle and it will all be degraded.
What is Mitochondria?
Generates energy for the eukaryotic cell.
It’s known as the powerhouse of the cell.
Has DNA for replication.
Contains 2 membranes:
-Outer (smaller than the inner membrane)
and
-Inner (contains Cristae which are folds),
Goes through mitosis
What is Chloroplasts?
It is the site of photosynthesis for photosynthetic organisms.
It is energy generators for plant cells (photosynthetic),
Has DNA for replication (independently),
Contains 2 membranes:
- Outer
and
- Thylakoids (stacked on top of each other which are then called Grana),
Not every cell has Chloroplasts; just the photosynthetic ones
Eukaryotic “Microbes”
- Fungi- yeasts, molds and mushrooms,
- Protists: Algae and Protozoa
- Helminths (multicellular animals, worms, not really considered microbes; just their larvae)
Explain Fungi; what it includes, how it reproduces, where the largest living being is s
Includes yeasts (unicellular), molds and mushrooms (multicellular),
The largest living being is in Michigan and spreads across 40 acres. It is estimated to weigh 100 tons,
Spores germinate to form new fungus (can reproduce sexually or asexually),
Very important to ecologically- the “degraders” (breaks down leaf litter in forests).
What is mostly saprophytic?
Fungus
What is another term for “long filaments”?
Hypha (hyphae pl)
Benefits of fungus
- Decomposes dead plants,
- symbiotically help plants absorb water and nutrients,
- are farmed by ants for food,
- are eaten by humans ,
- produce foods and medicines.
Pathogenic Fungi
Fungal diseases called “Mycoses”. Includes two types:
- Cutaneous mycosis- skin
fungi have keratinase that degrades karatin in skin and hair (ringworm, athletes foot).
- Systemic mycosis-
throughout who body (valley fever)
Name two protists:
Algae and Protozoa
Algae: photosynthetic protists
Aquatic (super important in the oceans),
Rarely pathogenic,
Primary medical threat is from neurotoxins (food poisoning).
A Pathogenic Algae: Pfiesteria piscicida (use nomenclature)
Neurological symptoms,
Bloody lesions,
First found in fish, now humans.
What are Red Tides?
Swarms of Dinoflagellates (small microbes),
Toxins from this algae are eaten by ocean dwellers,
Humans eat the seafood and ingest the toxins,
Can be fatal.
Explain Protozoa
65,000 species!
Single-celled,
Most are non-pathogenic and free living (water),
Complex life cycles: Trophozoite and Cyst (very hardy and come in 2 parts).
Name two Pathogenic Flagellated Protozoa?
Giardia Lamblia (nomenclature): giardiasis.
- infects small intestines
- causes prefuse diarrhea
Found in contaminated (cold fresh water)
- cold mountain springs
- Canadian geese poop
Trypanosoma cruzi (nomenclature)
- Chaga’s Disease: infects nervous system and heart (years after infection)
- Carried by kissing bugs
- 16-18 million people infected
- Kills 50,000 people per year
Pin Worms
causes an itchy butt
