Eukaryotes Flashcards
Eukaryote means
True nucleus
DNA
Is in the nucleus.
Has several chromosomes.
Associated with histones and nonhistone proteins.
Eukaryotic Organelles include:
(All are within the plasma membrane)–
Endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi Apparatus,
Lysosomes,
Mitochondria,
Chloroplasts.
Cell walls are chemically simple, meaning:
No peptidoglycan and no high sugars.
Not in animal cells.
Eukaryotes divide by mitosis? T/F
True
Size of eukaryotes?
10-100 micrometer which is huge compared to the 0.2-2 prokaryote.
Eukaryotes contain everything that is not bacteria or archaea? T/F
True
Main players in eukaryotes?
Algae, fungi, protozoa,
animal and plant cells (macroscopic)
What were the first living cells?
Prokaryotes
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
Organelles inside eukaryotic cells arose form engulfed prokaryotic cells.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA that resemble prokaryotic DNA.
Ancestors of mitochondria were oxygen requiring bacteria.
Ancestors of chloroplasts were photosynthetic bacteria.
External structures to know:
Flagellum,
Cilia,
Glycocalyx,
Cell Wall (fungi),
Plasma Membrane.
Explain flagella
9+2 arrangement.
It’s purpose is to allow the organism to be mobile.
Flagella have microtubules (long tube) inside of it which is arranged with a 9+2 arrangement.
Organized and arranged.
Cilia is only associated with eukaryotes. Explain what cilia is, the arrangement, and what it does.
Short flagella,
Same 9+2 arrangement,
Usually more numerous than flagella,
Allows for quick swimming (up to 1.5 M per minute),
Cilia helps feed microbes.
Glycocalyx in eukaryotes
Complex multi-sugar polysaccharide,
Has fibers,
Usually more structured and complex than bacterial glycocalyx.
Typical eukaryotes you see with a cell wall include:
Algae-
Protozoa (not technically a cell was b/c it’s not rigid but it’s an outer layer on the outer layer called a Pellicle allowing it to be more robust but flexible)-
Yeasts-
Fungi.
Internal structures of eukaryotes to know:
Nucleus-
Endoplasmic Reticulum-
Ribosomes-
Golgi Apparatus-
Lysosome-
Mitochondria-
Chloroplasts-
(each of these have their own membranes to them)
Explain the nucleus:
The nucleus contains 4 parts:
Nucleolus (dark part)- region of rRNA concentration and where rRNA gets synthesized,
Chromatin- DNA,
Nuclear Pores- Passageways for mRNA to get out,
Nuclear Envelope- Membrane that encloses the nucleus.
What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
The place where mRNA gets translated.
Rough because Ribosomes are attached to it.
RER and SER- (SER has no ribosomes).
Extend out from nucleus.
What is the Golgi?
It’s the packing and processing plant.
Transitional vesicles from RER come to the Golgi- they go through Cisternae and become modified.
Are sent out in condensing vesicles to go to the ending destination.
What is a “Bleb”?
When proteins are made up, they’re loaded up into a “bleb” making what’s called a “transitional vesicle” that contains the protein that needs to be packaged or modified.
What does the “Transitional Vesicle” do?
It merges with the Golgi body and it will be processed and “blebbed” out to where it needs to go.
Explain what a Lysosome is
Originate from the Golgi.
Contains digestive enzymes.
Helps digests food.
Can digest old and rotten cell debris.
Explain the process of the Lysosome
Food is brought into a vesicle.
The vesicle will merge with a lysosome that came off the Golgi. This will allow the toxic oxygen species and digestive enzymes to be dumped onto the food particle and it will all be degraded.
What is Mitochondria?
Generates energy for the eukaryotic cell.
It’s known as the powerhouse of the cell.
Has DNA for replication.
Contains 2 membranes:
-Outer (smaller than the inner membrane)
and
-Inner (contains Cristae which are folds),
Goes through mitosis
