Brief History of Micro

Question 1

Abiogenesis

Answer 1

Spontaneous generation

Question 2

Who discovered the cell?

Answer 2

Robert Hooke

Question 3

Who discovered the first microscope?

Answer 3

Antoni von Leeuwenhoek

Question 4

Who named organisms “animalcules”?

Answer 4

Antoni von Leeuwenhoek

Question 5

Who observed the first microbes?

Answer 5

Antoni von Leeuwenhoek

Question 6

What did Francesco Redi do?

Answer 6

He did the meat test to see if abiogenesis is a real thing. He was the first to dispel abiogenesis.

Question 7

Edward Jenner was known for?

Answer 7

He created the Small Pox vaccine. He learned that cow pox was protective against small pox after infecting his son. Cow pox was a less severe disease.

Question 8

Louis Pasteur is known for what?

Answer 8

He did the broth in the swan neck flask and finally dispelled abiogenesis.

Question 9

Biogenesis

Answer 9

A cell comes from a cell (Virchow)

Question 10

What was Robert Koch famous for?

Answer 10

He introduced Koch’s Postulates. Essentially, he proved that bacteria could cause a disease by infecting a rat.

Question 11

Drs. Ignaz Sammelweis and Joseph Lister (and others) did what?

Answer 11

Started the “aseptic” technique by using chemicals to sanitize at hospitals which lessened diseases and infection.

Question 12

Paul Ehrlich did what?

Answer 12

He found that the drug “salvarsan, an arsenic-containing compound could treat syphilis. It was first known as chemotherapy.

Question 13

Who accidentally discovered Penicillin?

Answer 13

Alexander Flemming

Question 14

Chemotherapy means what?

Answer 14

It’s a chemical agent used to treat a disease

Question 15

Escherichia coli

Answer 15

E. Coli

Question 16

Nomenclature means:

Answer 16

The first word (genus) is capitalized and the second word is lower case. The first time you use the word in a paper, you write the whole word out and thereafter, you abbreviate. When typing, you use italics and when handwriting, you underline.

Question 17

Agar plates

Answer 17

Agar is made from algae. It’s a solidifying agent, solid agent and sterile liquid is poured into petri plates

Question 18

Broth media

Answer 18

liquid media without the agar

Question 19

macroscope

Answer 19

seen with the naked eye

Question 20

Microscopes

Answer 20

Light microscope- bacteria, yeast and protozoa
Transmission electron microscope- virus
Scanning electron microscope- texture of bacteria

Question 21

Zika Virus

Answer 21

There were no large scale outbreaks. It was spread by mosquito’s, from the family “Flavoviridae” (same as Yellow Fever virus, Dengue virus and West Nile virus but less severe). Caused diseases in unhealthy, very young, very old or pregnant women and it caused damage to the fetus called microcephaly (very small head) as well as other brain malformations.

Question 22

Ebola

Answer 22

(example: the movie “Outbreak”). More than 10,000 people died (40-50% mortality rate). Most recent outbreak was in 2013 from West Africa. Now that people are more aware of Ebola, the panic could spread. Now they are doing testing for potential vaccines.

Question 23

Swine Flue 2009 (2014?) also known as H1N1

Answer 23

Influenza virus infected 111,324 people and killed 4,869 in the USA. In total, 50 states plus Puerto Rico have reported cases. It has spread because of all the travel nowadays. People are worried about it because this particular strain mimics general characteristics from a strain that killed up to 100 mil people in the 20th century

Question 24

Who are more at risk for Swine Flu (H1N1)?

Answer 24

Those who are immunocompromised (very young and very old as well as those who have preexisting medical conditions.

Question 25

Seasonal Flu

Answer 25

In one pandemic (2 years), the seasonal flu killed 30-100 million people. It’s estimated to kill 500,000 people per year.

Question 26

C. diff????

Answer 26

Clostridium difficile causes hospital acquired psuedomembranous colitis. It is named difficile because it is very difficult to get rid of. It is resistant to most antibiotics. Basically it overgrows and causes the colon to “sluff” its lining which causes damage and infections. When given routine antibiotics, it kills the normal flora. 10% of the population has this organism in their colon currently.

Question 27

Bacteria examples:

Answer 27

MRSA, Anthrax, Gas gangrene, Botulism, Gonorrhea and Salmonellosis

Question 28

MRSA

Answer 28

methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Question 29

Anthrax

Answer 29

Bacillus anthrasis

Question 30

Gas gangrene

Answer 30

Clostridium perfringens (trench foot/diabetes)

Question 31

Botulism

Answer 31

Clostridium botulinum

Question 32

Gonnorhea

Answer 32

Neissaria gonorrheae

Question 33

Salmenellosis

Answer 33

Salmonella newport

Question 34

Virus examples:

Answer 34

Influenza, Ebola, Zika, HIV and HPV

Question 35

Influenza

Answer 35

Orthomyxoviridae (family)

Question 36

Zika

Answer 36

Flaviviridae

Question 37

HIV

Answer 37

Retroviridae

Question 38

HPV

Answer 38

Papillomaviridae (can cause cancer)

Question 39

What is being used to make an anti-cancer drug?

Answer 39

Streptomyces parvulus

Question 40

Bacteria

Answer 40

no membrane bound organelles. Typically it’s recognized by 3 different shapes; coccus, bacillus and spirillium.

Question 41

Black Mold Sickness

Answer 41

Stachybotrys chartarum

Question 42

What helps Protozoa move throughout their environment?

Answer 42

Flagella, Cilia and Psuedopods

Question 43

Viruses: rely on host for:

Answer 43

Humans: common cold, Animals: rabies, Bacteria: phage

Question 44

1 virus will:

Answer 44

turn into 200 thousand viruses in 1 cell

Question 45

Mushrooms

Answer 45

Cantherellus cibarius