Brief History of Micro Flashcards
Abiogenesis
Spontaneous generation
Who discovered the cell?
Robert Hooke
Who discovered the first microscope?
Antoni von Leeuwenhoek
Who named organisms “animalcules”?
Antoni von Leeuwenhoek
Who observed the first microbes?
Antoni von Leeuwenhoek
What did Francesco Redi do?
He did the meat test to see if abiogenesis is a real thing. He was the first to dispel abiogenesis.
Edward Jenner was known for?
He created the Small Pox vaccine. He learned that cow pox was protective against small pox after infecting his son. Cow pox was a less severe disease.
Louis Pasteur is known for what?
He did the broth in the swan neck flask and finally dispelled abiogenesis.
Biogenesis
A cell comes from a cell (Virchow)
What was Robert Koch famous for?
He introduced Koch’s Postulates. Essentially, he proved that bacteria could cause a disease by infecting a rat.
Drs. Ignaz Sammelweis and Joseph Lister (and others) did what?
Started the “aseptic” technique by using chemicals to sanitize at hospitals which lessened diseases and infection.
Paul Ehrlich did what?
He found that the drug “salvarsan, an arsenic-containing compound could treat syphilis. It was first known as chemotherapy.
Who accidentally discovered Penicillin?
Alexander Flemming
Chemotherapy means what?
It’s a chemical agent used to treat a disease
Escherichia coli
E. Coli
Nomenclature means:
The first word (genus) is capitalized and the second word is lower case. The first time you use the word in a paper, you write the whole word out and thereafter, you abbreviate. When typing, you use italics and when handwriting, you underline.
Agar plates
Agar is made from algae. It’s a solidifying agent, solid agent and sterile liquid is poured into petri plates
Broth media
liquid media without the agar
macroscope
seen with the naked eye
Microscopes
Light microscope- bacteria, yeast and protozoa
Transmission electron microscope- virus
Scanning electron microscope- texture of bacteria
Zika Virus
There were no large scale outbreaks. It was spread by mosquito’s, from the family “Flavoviridae” (same as Yellow Fever virus, Dengue virus and West Nile virus but less severe). Caused diseases in unhealthy, very young, very old or pregnant women and it caused damage to the fetus called microcephaly (very small head) as well as other brain malformations.
Ebola
(example: the movie “Outbreak”). More than 10,000 people died (40-50% mortality rate). Most recent outbreak was in 2013 from West Africa. Now that people are more aware of Ebola, the panic could spread. Now they are doing testing for potential vaccines.
Swine Flue 2009 (2014?) also known as H1N1
Influenza virus infected 111,324 people and killed 4,869 in the USA. In total, 50 states plus Puerto Rico have reported cases. It has spread because of all the travel nowadays. People are worried about it because this particular strain mimics general characteristics from a strain that killed up to 100 mil people in the 20th century
Who are more at risk for Swine Flu (H1N1)?
Those who are immunocompromised (very young and very old as well as those who have preexisting medical conditions.
Seasonal Flu
In one pandemic (2 years), the seasonal flu killed 30-100 million people. It’s estimated to kill 500,000 people per year.
C. diff????
Clostridium difficile causes hospital acquired psuedomembranous colitis. It is named difficile because it is very difficult to get rid of. It is resistant to most antibiotics. Basically it overgrows and causes the colon to “sluff” its lining which causes damage and infections. When given routine antibiotics, it kills the normal flora. 10% of the population has this organism in their colon currently.
Bacteria examples:
MRSA, Anthrax, Gas gangrene, Botulism, Gonorrhea and Salmonellosis
MRSA
methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Anthrax
Bacillus anthrasis
Gas gangrene
Clostridium perfringens (trench foot/diabetes)
Botulism
Clostridium botulinum
Gonnorhea
Neissaria gonorrheae
Salmenellosis
Salmonella newport
Virus examples:
Influenza, Ebola, Zika, HIV and HPV
Influenza
Orthomyxoviridae (family)
Zika
Flaviviridae
HIV
Retroviridae
HPV
Papillomaviridae (can cause cancer)
What is being used to make an anti-cancer drug?
Streptomyces parvulus
Bacteria
no membrane bound organelles. Typically it’s recognized by 3 different shapes; coccus, bacillus and spirillium.
Black Mold Sickness
Stachybotrys chartarum
What helps Protozoa move throughout their environment?
Flagella, Cilia and Psuedopods
Viruses: rely on host for:
Humans: common cold, Animals: rabies, Bacteria: phage
1 virus will:
turn into 200 thousand viruses in 1 cell
Mushrooms
Cantherellus cibarius
