DNA Replication and the Central Dogma

Question 1

Define genetics:

Answer 1

The science of heredity, how traits are passed from generation to generation

Question 2

Define genome:

Answer 2

The sum total of genetic information (DNA) in a cell

Question 3

Define Chromosomes:

Answer 3

Structures that contain DNA

Question 4

Define Genes:

Answer 4

Segments of DNA (generally) that code for functional products

Question 5

Define Genotype:

Answer 5

The genes of an organism (potential properties)

Question 6

Define Phenotype:

Answer 6

Actual expressed properties (phenotype is the manifestation of genotype)

Question 7

Bacterial chromosome: Length of E. coli chromosome?

Answer 7

About 1 mm

Question 8

Bacterial chromosome: Length of the E. coli cell?

Answer 8

2 um

Question 9

Bacterial chromosome: Number of genes?

Answer 9

4288

Question 10

Bacterial chromosome: Number of base pairs?

Answer 10

About 5 million

Question 11

Bacterial chromosome: how many chromosomes and what shape?

Answer 11

One circular chromosome

Question 12

Bacterial chromosome: Does it have potential to contain plasmids?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

Bacterial chromosome: Is it super coiled?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

Human Genome: Length of chromosome?

Answer 14

About 6 feet long

Question 15

Human Genome: Length of a human cell?

Answer 15

40 um

Question 16

Human Genome: Number of genes?

Answer 16

20,000-25,000

Question 17

Human Genome: Number of base pairs?

Answer 17

About 3 billion

Question 18

Human Genome: How many chromosomes?

Answer 18

46 chromosomes

Question 19

Human Genome: Is it super coiled?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

The Central Dogma=

Answer 20

In cellular beings, the genetic information is contained in DNA. When the cell wants to make protein, it copies the information from the DNA into RNA and uses that RNA to translate it into proteins

Question 21

DNA: Is the genetic code of information known as the “blueprint”?

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

DNA is informational…

Answer 22

storage on a cellular level

Question 23

DNA: Do each cell have the same DNA?

Answer 23

Yes, Eukaryotes: Liver cell= same DNA as heart cell

Prokaryotes

Question 24

DNA Structure: Who is credited for the structure of DNA?

Answer 24

James Watson and Francis Crick. They won the nobel prize for constructing a 3-D structure of DNA

Question 25

DNA Structure: Who noted that DNA must have deoxyribose, phosphate, purines, and pyrimidines?

Answer 25

Edward (Erwin) Chargaff

Question 26

DNA Structure: What is Rosalind Franklin known for?

Answer 26

X-ray crystallography

Question 27

Units of DNA nucleotides: They are the basic units of DNA and consist of

Answer 27

Phosphate (backbone of DNA) Deoxyribose sugar (alternates with phosphate and is also a part of the backbone) Nitrogenous base

Question 28

A single strand of DNA contains what kind of structure?

Answer 28

two 2-ring structures and two 1-ring structures

Question 29

Why is it important for the two strands to be the same length apart?

Answer 29

You'll end up with a two ring structure bound to a one ring structure

Question 30

What do "A" and "G" always bind to?

Answer 30

Purines (acronym: "Always use PURE Gold")

Question 31

What do "C" and "T" always bind to?

Answer 31

Pyrimidines

Question 32

Is DNA double or single stranded?

Answer 32

Double

Question 33

What are DNA strands held together by?

Answer 33

DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between A-T and C-G

Question 34

Describe the strands

Answer 34

Directional Antiparallel Complementary

Question 35

What does "DNA strands are directional" mean?

Answer 35

The "backbone" is deoxyribose-phosphate. You start at the Carbon 5 of the first sugar: PO4-5'-3'PO4-5'-3'-PO4-5'-3'-OH This is referred to as the 5'-3' direction

Question 36

What does "DNA strands are antiparallel" mean?

Answer 36

The two strands of DNA have OPPOSITE chemical polarity Sugar-phosphate backbones run in OPPOSITE directions Direction in nucleic acids is specified by referring to the carbons of the ribose ring in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA (Basically, if one strand is going in the 5'-3' then the second strand is going in the 3'-5'. The strand going in the 3'-5' is the strand we don't read because we only read DNA strands that go in the right direction...5'-3')

Question 37

What does "DNA strands are complementary" mean?

Answer 37

Base paring rules say that "A" shall always pair with "T"

Question 38

Base pairing

Answer 38

"A" always pairs with "T"- 2 hydrogen bonds connect the two "G" always pairs with "C"- 3 hydrogen bonds connect the two So...G/C base pair is STRONGER than an A/T base pair