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Microbiology > DNA Replication and the Central Dogma > Flashcards

DNA Replication and the Central Dogma Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define genetics:

A

The science of heredity, how traits are passed from generation to generation

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2
Q

Define genome:

A

The sum total of genetic information (DNA) in a cell

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3
Q

Define Chromosomes:

A

Structures that contain DNA

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4
Q

Define Genes:

A

Segments of DNA (generally) that code for functional products

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5
Q

Define Genotype:

A

The genes of an organism (potential properties)

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6
Q

Define Phenotype:

A

Actual expressed properties (phenotype is the manifestation of genotype)

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7
Q

Bacterial chromosome: Length of E. coli chromosome?

A

About 1 mm

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8
Q

Bacterial chromosome: Length of the E. coli cell?

A

2 um

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9
Q

Bacterial chromosome: Number of genes?

A

4288

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10
Q

Bacterial chromosome: Number of base pairs?

A

About 5 million

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11
Q

Bacterial chromosome: how many chromosomes and what shape?

A

One circular chromosome

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12
Q

Bacterial chromosome: Does it have potential to contain plasmids?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Bacterial chromosome: Is it super coiled?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Human Genome: Length of chromosome?

A

About 6 feet long

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15
Q

Human Genome: Length of a human cell?

A

40 um

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16
Q

Human Genome: Number of genes?

A

20,000-25,000

17
Q

Human Genome: Number of base pairs?

A

About 3 billion

18
Q

Human Genome: How many chromosomes?

A

46 chromosomes

19
Q

Human Genome: Is it super coiled?

A

Yes

20
Q

The Central Dogma=

A

In cellular beings, the genetic information is contained in DNA. When the cell wants to make protein, it copies the information from the DNA into RNA and uses that RNA to translate it into proteins

21
Q

DNA: Is the genetic code of information known as the “blueprint”?

A

Yes

22
Q

DNA is informational…

A

storage on a cellular level

23
Q

DNA: Do each cell have the same DNA?

A

Yes, Eukaryotes: Liver cell= same DNA as heart cell

Prokaryotes

24
Q

DNA Structure: Who is credited for the structure of DNA?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick. They won the nobel prize for constructing a 3-D structure of DNA

25
Q

DNA Structure: Who noted that DNA must have deoxyribose, phosphate, purines, and pyrimidines?

A

Edward (Erwin) Chargaff

26
Q

DNA Structure: What is Rosalind Franklin known for?

A

X-ray crystallography

27
Q

Units of DNA nucleotides: They are the basic units of DNA and consist of

A

Phosphate (backbone of DNA)

Deoxyribose sugar (alternates with phosphate and is also a part of the backbone)

Nitrogenous base

28
Q

A single strand of DNA contains what kind of structure?

A

two 2-ring structures and two 1-ring structures

29
Q

Why is it important for the two strands to be the same length apart?

A

You’ll end up with a two ring structure bound to a one ring structure

30
Q

What do “A” and “G” always bind to?

A

Purines (acronym: “Always use PURE Gold”)

31
Q

What do “C” and “T” always bind to?

A

Pyrimidines

32
Q

Is DNA double or single stranded?

A

Double

33
Q

What are DNA strands held together by?

A

DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between A-T and C-G

34
Q

Describe the strands

A

Directional

Antiparallel

Complementary

35
Q

What does “DNA strands are directional” mean?

A

The “backbone” is deoxyribose-phosphate.

You start at the Carbon 5 of the first sugar:

PO4-5’-3’PO4-5’-3’-PO4-5’-3’-OH

This is referred to as the 5’-3’ direction

36
Q

What does “DNA strands are antiparallel” mean?

A

The two strands of DNA have OPPOSITE chemical polarity

Sugar-phosphate backbones run in OPPOSITE directions

Direction in nucleic acids is specified by referring to the carbons of the ribose ring in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA

(Basically, if one strand is going in the 5’-3’ then the second strand is going in the 3’-5’. The strand going in the 3’-5’ is the strand we don’t read because we only read DNA strands that go in the right direction…5’-3’)

37
Q

What does “DNA strands are complementary” mean?

A

Base paring rules say that “A” shall always pair with “T”

38
Q

Base pairing

A

“A” always pairs with “T”-

2 hydrogen bonds connect the two

“G” always pairs with “C”-

3 hydrogen bonds connect the two

So…G/C base pair is STRONGER than an A/T base pair

Microbiology (10 decks)

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