Ethnicity - Internal Factors - Introduction (institutional racism)

Question 1

What does Troyna and Williams argue about how we should explain ethnic differences in achievement?

Answer 1

Troyna and Williams (1986) say that we need to go beyond simply examining individual teacher racism and that we must also look at how schools and colleges routinely and unconsiously discriminate against ethnic minorities.

They make a distinction between individual racism and institutional racism.

Question 2

What is individual racism and what is it a result of?

Answer 2

Individual racism is racism rowards on person and is resulted from the prejudiced views of individual teachers and others.

Question 3

What is institutional racism?

Answer 3

Institutional racism is discrimination that is built into the way institutions such as school and colleges operate.

Question 4

What are the two main criticisms of Gillborn?

Answer 4

• the underachievement of some minority groups such as black boys
• the ‘overachievement’ of Indian and Chinese pupils