ETHNICITY & CRIME

Question 1

What are the two divisive arguments about black and ethnic minority patterns of crime?

Answer 1

• Certain ethnic groups are more criminal.

- Highlight racism within the CJS.

Question 2

What did Young accept about the two views of patterns of criminality?

Answer 2

They are not mutually exclusive.

Question 3

What does Young state about discrimination against black males in the CJS?

Answer 3

Convincing evidence, though there may also be higher rates of criminality amongst this group.

Question 4

What interactionist concept can be applied? To explain what?

Answer 4

Labelling. To explain the high levels of arrest and conviction rates for black males.

Question 5

Anderson - policing in a neighbourhood.

Answer 5

Argues that police tended to assume white people were middle-class and trustworthy.

Question 6

Anderson - ‘colour-coding’.

Answer 6

Often worked to confuse race, age, class and gender issues as well as ignoring individual behaviour.

Question 7

The McPherson Report.

Answer 7

Concluded the official inquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawrence.

Question 8

The Scarman Report.

Answer 8

Official response to racial violence and rioting in some British cities in the early 1980s.

Question 9

What did the Scarman Report conclude?

Answer 9

Social and economic disadvantages faced by ethnic minority groups could create a disposition towards violent protest.

Question 10

Hall - Stephen Lawrence.

Answer 10

Finds the flawed police investigation into Stephen Lawrence’s murder, unsurprising.

Question 11

Bowling - McPherson Report.

Answer 11

Ethnic minority neighbourhoods were still over-policed with military style methods.

Question 12

‘Police culture’.

Answer 12

Refers to a shared set of norms, values, attitudes and practices, which develop amongst the police.

Question 13

Smith & Grey - report for the Policy Studies Institute

Answer 13

Highlighted the explicit and accepted racist language of the officers they were observing.

Question 14

Holdaway.

Answer 14

Discusses the ‘radicalisation’ of policing, mundane police work and relationships can take on a ‘racial framing’.

Question 15

Scraton - force.

Answer 15

See the police as an occupying force imposed on working class and ethnic minority communities.

Question 16

Scraton - resistance.

Answer 16

Police impose law which reflects ruling class interests, and black criminality is part of a ‘culture of resistance’.

Question 17

In 1000 white people how many are stopped and searched?

How many people in 1000 black people?

Answer 17

White: 6
Black: 54
9x more likely.

Question 18

Hood.

Answer 18

Race affects sentencing, black men 5% more likely to be imprisoned.

Question 19

Anderson.

Answer 19

Police tended to assume white people were middle-class and more trustworthy.

Question 20

Waddington.

Answer 20

Higher stops and searches is not necessarily evidence of institutional racism.

Question 21

Glynn.

Answer 21

Belief that the CJS is racist, creates a defiant reaction.

Question 22

Gunther.

Answer 22

Highlights the significance of ‘road culture’ and ‘badness’ on lifestyle choices.

Question 23

Young.

Answer 23

Evidence of black males experiencing discrimination in the CJS, however, there may also be higher rates of criminality.

Question 24

What is the pattern with crime levels among British Asians?

Answer 24

Until recently, have been lower than those of white people. This has been linked to socialisation within asian families and them not fitting the police stereotype of ‘criminals’.

Question 25

Home Office.

Answer 25

Tends to classify ‘Asians’ in one category.

Question 26

Fitzgerald and Sibbitt.

Answer 26

Believe the Home Office has masked different crime patterns within these groups.

Question 27

Bowling, Parmar and Phillips.

Answer 27

Believe stereotypes of Asians, particularly Muslims, have altered.

Question 28

Abbass.

Answer 28

Argues that the stereotype of the ‘passive Asian’ has given way to a society of ‘Islamaphobia’ following 9/11.

Question 29

CSWW - victims of personal crime.

Answer 29

2012/13 shows that adults from mixed, black and Asian ethnic groups were more at risk of being victims of personal crime than white adults.

Question 30

Home Office - murder stats.

Answer 30

Black people are 5x more likely to be murdered than white people.

Question 31

Bhilox - higher rates

Answer 31

Most policing is directed at the excluded in society, who are often young, poor and black.