Ethnicity based explainations

Question 1

What does Nightingale (1993) argue?

Answer 1

The theory used the young black males in disadvantaged Philadelphia neighborhoods to understand the appealing nature of crime. They face blocked opportunities for economic mobility and social advancement developing a sense of alienation and frustration. This is further heightened by racial biases within the criminal justice system as they are more likely to be arrested, convicted and incarcerated for similar offences compared to white youths. This leads them to develop a subculture with their own norms and values that glorify violence and risk - taking to gain status and respect within a limited social sphere.

Question 2

How can Nightingale be evaluated?

Answer 2

• Oversimplifies the motivations for deviance
• Doesn’t account for diversity of experiences
• Limited context
• Male - stream
• Highlights the impact of structural inequalities, racial biases and limited opportunities in shaping their behavior
• A valuable perspective to understand deviance among young black males in disadvantaged urban areas

Question 3

What does Alexander (1996) argue?

Answer 3

Racial marginalisation and limited opportunities , alienation and exclusion leads to developing identities as youth deviance can be seen as a form of resistance against societal pressures such as graffiti and streetart. It can be seen as a consequence of the deviant label prescribed to them. In addition, youth subcultures allows them to express alternative forms of masculinity through physical prowess, street smartness or loyalty to peers. However, it doesn’t argue that being black leads to deviance rather it considers social context and the challenges black youth face.

Question 4

What do Vale and Juno (1989) claim about modern primitives?

Answer 4

They can be defined as a hybrid neo - tribe through modern art aesthetics infused into non-industrial-inspired body art such as tattoos and piercings. Their body art can be seen as a societal reaction to the sense of powerlessness as they hope to regain control

Question 5

What data does the ministry of justice give?

Answer 5

Black people were nine and a half times more likely to be stopped and searched than white people in 2017 - 18; this had risen from, just over eight times in the previous years, and from just over four times more likely in 2014 - 15

Question 6

What are the differences in arrest rates between black and white people?

Answer 6

• Black males arrested 3x more
• Black females arrested 2x more

Question 7

What are the differences in prosecution rates between black and white people?

Answer 7

• Black females twice as high
• Black males four times higher

Question 8

What does the 2018 statistics from the youth justice board show?

Answer 8

Black children and young people aged 10 - 17 were four times more likely than white children to be arrested

Question 9

What do the 2017 conviction rates imply?

Answer 9

Since the conviction rates for black and mixed ethnic groups were 6.6% lower than white ethnic groups, black and mixed ethnic groups had been charged and sent to trial on a lower standard of evidence

Question 10

What is institutional racism?

Answer 10

Invisible and unconscious racist practices which are embedded in the way that an organisation or institution is organised

Question 11

What do Townsley and Marshall (2004) believe?

Answer 11

They interviewed London police officers regularly engaged in a racial profiling practice called, “driving while black,” - cars containing young black people were much more likely to be stopped by police than cars driven by white people

Question 12

What does Newburn (2007) argue?

Answer 12

Police racism means that they assume that areas with high proportions of minority ethnic residents are more prone to crime and they therefore deliberately target and over - police them

Question 13

What did Bowling (1999) find?

Answer 13

Many white police officers believed that African - Caribbean and Asian people antagonised white people (and police officers) by failing to adopt a British culture

Question 14

What does Ballet et al (2011) argue?

Answer 14

Through analysing 1 million court records, they found that black offenders were 44% more likely than white offenders to be given a prison sentence for driving offences, 38% more likely for public order offences or possession of a weapon and 27% more likely for possession of drugs

Question 15

What percentage of London murder victims were black?

Answer 15

44%

Question 16

How much has hate crime recorded by the police increased from 2012 - 13?

Answer 16

It has more than doubled

Question 17

What are one in three gun murders?

Answer 17

intra - racial

Question 18

What does Anderson (1990) believe?

Answer 18

In his study of policing in a neighborhood of Philadelphia, he argues that the police tended to assume white people were middle - class and trustworthy, where as black people were seen as lower - class and criminal

Question 19

What does Scraton (1985) argue?

Answer 19

The police is an occupying force imposed on working class and ethnic minority communities. They impose laws which reflects the ruiling class interests, and black criminality is a part of a culture of resistance formed as a response to racism