Ethnicity (40)

Question 1

Ethnicity

Answer 1

Defined as a group of people who share the same religion, traditions and culture

Question 2

Race

Answer 2

An identity formed by biological factors that associate certain attributes to an individual

Question 3

Ethnicity v Race

Answer 3

Describing differences between people is not just a physical variation but social too.

Question 4

Racism

Answer 4

Discriminating against someone based on their ethnic origin due to the belief that one’s own race is superior

Question 5

Diversity Statistic

Answer 5

White ethnic group made up 86% of the population in 2011 compared to 94% in 1991

Question 6

Social Inequality

Answer 6

Social inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society.

Question 7

Is there Racial Inequality?

Answer 7

Some ethnic groups experience inequality to a greater extent than their white counterparts due to their view that they are worthless in power and prestige

Question 8

Ethnic Inequality Stats

Answer 8

• The Home Office: Reported in 2018 that the number of race hate crimes increased by 14 per cent (up 8,566 to 71,251 offences
• Equality and Human Rights Commission described ethnic inequality in Britain as ‘entrenched’ and ‘far-reaching’

Question 9

Attempts to tackle Ethnic Inequality

Answer 9

Race Relations Act
Equality Act 2010
-Bars discrimination based on ethnicty

Question 10

Functionalism

Answer 10

• Society works on a common value system
• EM have different values to the host country which is why inequality happens
• Suggest in order to prevent inequality EMs need to assimilate as it’s only temporary until they adopt a common value system which ensures the working of a functional society

Question 11

Functionalism (Patterson)

Answer 11

• Host-Immigration Model.
• Britain was a stable country with consensus over norms and values whose equilibrium was disturbed due to a ‘culture clash’ between the quiet and reserved English and the noisy and boisterous West Indians.
• Inequality is caused by their inability to embrace British Culture.

Question 12

Functionalism (Barker)

Answer 12

There is a new Racism was EM are rejected based on cultural ground and not because of traditional racism

Question 13

Evidence to support Functionalism (Barker)

Answer 13

Casey Review (2016) found in some areas of Birmingham and Bradford 70-80% are Muslim

Question 14

Criticisms of Functionalism

Answer 14

1. ) Victim Blaming
2. ) No common value system in the UK, there is a mix and theories are predominantly M/C
3. ) Racism is not Temporary. In 2017 Racial Hate Crimes crimes rose to 71,000 from 62,000 the year previous
4. ) A/C is the most assimilated group of all the ethnic groups, they speak English, Christian, intermarry, but econ, social, and cultural position hasn’t changed (13% unemployed v 6%)
5. ) Segregation is a choice. Realtors and White Flight

Question 15

The New Right

Answer 15

• EMs fault as society is meritocratic
• Everyone has a chance so any inequalities is due to their own failures
• To combat this there have been attempts through legislation. The English Language is a compulsory part of the training for those at risk of marginalisation and ethnic separation

Question 16

TNR (Murray)

Answer 16

• Described biological reasons in IQ being the reason for inequality. Suggested it was inherently lower in EM causing their unequal position due to limited opportunities compared to the white population that EM can’t compete with as have higher IQs
• Also argued the BP form an underclass due to laziness and unwillingness has created a dependency culture- not lack of opportunity

Question 17

TNR Criticisms

Answer 17

• Opposite Effect and fueling divide. Recession and High unemployment.
• IQ is not divided amongst ethnic lines it would be seen in schools. Led to SFP as seen as in schools, teachers start to operate along ethnic lines

Question 18

Marxism and Neo-Marxism

Answer 18

• Racism is the creation of the economic system and is sustained by capitalism.
• Helps maintain false class consciousness by creating even more of a divide between w/c and EM w/c
• Escape criticism bu using the media. EU workers find it hard to be employed due to discrimination but portrayed at taking our resources, troublesome and morally less
• Resulting in things like Brexit

Question 19

Marxist (Castle and Kosack)

Answer 19

• Found that most immigrants were concentrated in low-skilled and low-paid manual jobs that were mainly carried out in poor working conditions.
• Claimed that in Britain this treatment of immigrants ultimately derived from the need in capitalist societies for a reserve army of labour; it was necessary to have a surplus of labour power in order to keep wage costs down, since the greater the overall supply of labour power, the weaker the bargaining position of existing workers

Question 20

Marxist Criticisms

Answer 20

• Overlooks other factors like age, gender and ethnicity.
• Solomos: Economic Arguments while powerful do not tackle the formation of racism and attitudes towards it that don’t fit into capitalism.
• Racism precedes capitalism
• Not all ethnic minorities are disadvantaged. Over 5,000 Muslim millionaires in Britain.
• De-industrialisation has changed the nature of economic immigrants; historically, the skill level of immigrants was not a concern to the state as manual workers were simply needed to plug the gaps in the workforce, whereas in recent years immigration laws have become a lot tighter.
• Consequently, many economic immigrants tend to possess higher-level skills and knowledge.

Question 21

Weberianism

Answer 21

-Identify class as market position, status and party. 
EM has a class position but it's still lower than whites 
Extra dimensions of inequality and will experience them differently.

Question 22

Weberanism (Baron and Norris)

Answer 22

Primary and secondary labour market

EM find jobs in the secondary market

Question 23

Weberarnism Criticisms

Answer 23

• Cause or Consequences
• Too broad categories, bad work environments in both categories
• Bar Standards Board: Reports level of EM representation across all barristers is below the general population
• Roberts: ‘Ethnic Penalty for not being white

Question 24

Postmodernism

Answer 24

Ethnicities no longer exist.

Older identities have become less clear due to an increase in choice in society defining our identity

Question 25

Postmodernism (Hale)

Answer 25

Ethnic groups no longer in isolation as can’t identify based on skin colour as Britain is such a mix

Question 26

Black Feminism

Answer 26

• ‘white feminist’ campaigns exist but ignore EM.
• Majority of women both in the UK and across the globe do not live lives that are negatively impacted by sexism alone. -Black feminist concept of intersectionality the idea that oppressions criss-cross and compound each other – has been crucial.

Question 27

Black Feminism (Brewer)

Answer 27

The basis of Black feminist theory as an ‘understanding of race, class and gender as simultaneous forces’. 
-Black women suffer from disadvantages because they are black, because they are women and because they are working class each inequality reinforces and multiplies the other inequalities.

Question 28

Conclusion

Answer 28

Intersectionality is vital.
Not all EMs experience the same inequalities.
It’s a complex relationship.
Attainment Data (2017) by DoE a* - c in Maths and English. National is 63%. Indians are 67% and Chinese is 82%