ethnic

Question 1

Cashmore and Troyna - Ethnic (traditional)

Answer 1

Turning Inwards- groups turn inward for support and to create their own groups.

Question 2

Hebdige - Ethnic (traditional)

Answer 2

Cultural resistance- groups resist the racism they face, Rastafarians’ (Jamaican religious group created in 1930s) exaggerated identity in resistance.

Question 3

Ghuman - Ethnic (traditional)

Answer 3

Asian family- parents raised second generation children with Asian tradition, religion and family values, Asian children socialised into the extended family with emphasis on duty, loyalty, honour and religious commitment.

Question 4

Anwar - Ethnic (traditional)

Answer 4

Culture clash- family can be a source of conflict for Asian children, the younger generation mix with others at school who influence their identities causing a culture clash.

Young muslim women- three causes of conflict between Pakistan parents and children: western clothing, arranged marriages and the question of freedom.

Question 5

Butler - Ethnic (traditional)

Answer 5

Young muslim women in Britain- Muslim women are torn between two cultures, but the second generation does not struggle with this as they have adopted British culture. Retaining their faith is important and they feel like they need to. Second generation Muslims experience tension between British and Asian culture, they do not identify as Pakistani/ Bangladeshi.

Question 6

Watson - Ethnic (traditional)

Answer 6

Young muslim women- there is a generation gap between Muslims in Britain due to western culture.

Question 7

Driver and Ballard - Ethnic (traditional)

Answer 7

Indian education- Indian families place great value on children’s education and drive children to high ambitions and success. Reflected in achievements of Indian pupils who do better on average at GCSE’s.

Question 8

Archer and Francis - Ethnic (traditional)

Answer 8

Tiger mum’s- Cultural factors explain the success of British-Chinese students. Chinese parents invest time and money in supporting their children and push their children.

Question 9

Coard - Ethnic (traditional)

Answer 9

Ethnocentric curriculum- the curriculum is based around one particular cultural view point whilst ignoring others, white literature and history dominate the curriculum.

Question 10

Gillborn - Ethnic (traditional)

Answer 10

Self fulfilling prophecy- teachers are institutionally racist towards black boys, they are seen as a threat and disruptive. They negatively stereotype and label them meaning they are less likely to be placed in higher sets and higher tier papers. Leading to a self fulfilling prophecy.

Question 11

Alexander - Ethnic (traditional)

Answer 11

Media- may create and reinforce ethnic identities through portraying ethnic minorities in a stereotyped way.

Question 12

Sewell - Ethnic (traditional)

Answer 12

Media role models- young Afro-Caribbean males have no male role model at home so look to the media for role models such as rappers. Imitation in peer groups and status is given to hyper masculine and anti school attitudes.

Question 13

Back - Ethnic (changing)

Answer 13

Cultural borrowing and cultural masks- hybrid identities of black, white and asian youths who shared friendship, music, fashion and slang. They were trying out new cultural masks and cultural borrowing was taking place as white and asian youths were listening to rap and reggae instead of rock.

Question 14

Gill - Ethnic (changing)

Answer 14

Blasians- adopted black styles of dress and language combined to their asian culture, listened to black music and had black friends.

Question 15

Burdsey - Ethnic (changing)

Answer 15

Code switching- studeied second and third generation British asian footballers, who adopted an asian identity with parents but a white identity with peers. They wear different cultural masks.

Question 16

Nayak - Ethnic (changing)

Answer 16

White wannabes- young white working class males who adopted the style and language of black culture as white wannabes.