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Research Methods! > Ethics > Flashcards

Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Who are the BPS and what is their role?

A

The BPS code of ethics is designed to guide all members of the society in their day-to-day professional conduct.

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2
Q

What does the BPS focus on?

A

4 ethical principles:
- Respect
- Competence
- Responsibility
- Integrity

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3
Q

What is a cost-benefit analysis?

A

A systematic approach to estimating the negatives and positives of any research

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4
Q

Informed Consent:
What should investigators do?
When should parental consent be obtained?

A
  • Inform participants of the objectives of the investigation and get their consent to take part.
  • Parental consent should be obtained for children under 16 as well as getting consent directly from children old enough to understand the study.
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5
Q

Examples - Informed Consent

A
  • Johnson & Scott
  • Harlow’s Monkey
  • Ainsworth
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6
Q

Way of handling informed consent

A

Tell participants what they’re getting involved in and where the research will go

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7
Q

What is presumptive consent?

A

Consent gained from people of a similar background to participants in a study. If they would have been willing to participate in the study despite the deception then it is assumed that the actual participants will also be willing.

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8
Q

What is prior general consent?

A

This involves participants agreeing to be deceived without knowing how or when this will occur. However, if participants know they will be deceived at some point in the future it can affect their behaviour.

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9
Q

What is retrospective consent?

A

This involves asking participants for consent after they have already participated in the study. However, they may not consent and yet they have already taken part.

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10
Q

Right to withdraw:
What should participants be aware of?

A
  • They can leave a study at any time, regardless of whether a payment or inducement has been offered.
  • They can withdraw their data at any point in the future.
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11
Q

Examples - Right to Withdraw

A
  • Zimbardo
  • Milgram
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12
Q

Ways of handling right to withdraw

A

Let them leave

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13
Q

Deception:
What is unacceptable?
What should be avoided?
However…

A
  • Misleading participants is unacceptable if they are likely to later object or show unease.
  • Intentionally deceiving participants about the nature of the experiment should be avoided.

However, in some cases deception is unavoidable. In this case, we must debrief them afterwards.

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14
Q

Deception - Examples

A
  • Asch
  • Johnson & Scott
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15
Q

Ways of handling deception

A
  • Retrospective consent
  • Telling participants true intentions of the study
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16
Q

Protection of harm:
What responsibility do investigators have?

A
  • Investigators have a responsibility to protect their participants from physical and psychological harm during the study.
17
Q

Protection of harm - Examples

A
  • Zimbardo
  • Milgram
18
Q

Ways of handling protection from harm

A

Reduce harm

19
Q

Debriefing:
What should be explained?
When is debriefing even more important?

A
  • All relevant details of the study should be explained to the participants after the study.
  • The debriefing is even more important if deception has been used, or informed consent has not been gained.
  • Participants should leave the study in the same state they entered it.
20
Q

Debriefing - Examples

A
  • Milgram
  • Zimbardo
  • Johnson & Scott
21
Q

Ways of handling debriefing

A

Leave experiments fully aware of aim, results, true nature etc.

22
Q

Confidentiality:
What does this involve?

A
  • Participants data is confidential and should not be disclosed to anyone unless discussed in advance.
  • Anonymity is when participants never provide their name to the researcher.
23
Q

Way to handle confidentiality

A

Numbers or letters should be used instead of names when the research is published.

24
Q

Confidentiality - Examples

A
  • KF, HM
  • Zimbardo
25
Q

Competency of researchers and colleagues:
What does this involve?

A

Investigators share responsibility for the ethical treatment of participants.
If a researcher thinks that a colleague may be conducting unethical research then they must tell them.
A researcher should be qualified and competent to carry out their work.

26
Q

Competency of researchers and colleagues - Examples

A
  • Zimbardo
  • Yuille & Cutshall
27
Q

Ways of handling competency of researchers and colleagues

A

Check qualifications

28
Q

What should any researcher wishing to conduct research do?

A

Any researcher wishing to conduct research must first apply to their university for approval from an ethics committee

You must submit a proposal outlining:
Aims and reasons for the research
Procedure
Information about collecting/using/supporting ppts
How you will collect/analyse/store data

Research Methods! (6 decks)

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