Ethics Flashcards
confidentiality
concerns the communication of personal information from one person to another, and the trust that the information will be protected.
deal- pseudonyms or P numbers
deception
P isn’t told true aims of research- cannot give truly informed, valid consent
deal- presumptive consent- ask group of people similar to Ps if they think the deception is okay
risk of stress, anxiety, humiliation or pain
Ps shouldn’t experience -ve physical/psychological effects
deal- offering support/advice and making Ps aware of right to withdraw at any time
risk to Ps values, beliefs, relationships, status or privacy
need to ensure Ps attitudes and opinions aren’t demeaned and associations with others are not damaged
deal- confidentiality, anonymity and appropriate debriefing
valid consent
Ps must be given comprehensive information concerning nature and purpose of research and their role in it, in order that they can make an informed decision about whether to participate.
deal- consent form with full aims and procedures and ask Ps to read and sign before taking part
working with vulnerable individuals (including children)
special ethical considerations need to be paid when working with vulnerable individuals- under 16, learning/communication difficulties, Ps in care, people in custody or on probation, and people engaged in illegal activities
deal- valid consent from person legally responsible for individual
working with animals
research with NHAs is covered by laws- BPS members “reminded of their general obligation to avoid or at least minimise discomfort to living animals”
deal- computer simulations
right to withdraw
Ps can stop participating if they’re uncomfortable in any way
Milgram ethics
confidentiality- Ps filmed but gave consent
deception- actively deceived- told research was about memory and learning
risk of stress etc- a year after- psychiatrist interviewed 40 Ps- found no evidence of psych harm or trauma
risk to Ps values etc- Ps may think badly about themselves BUT- 74% said they learned something of personal importance
valid consent- deceived so consent wasn’t valid
Milgram ways of dealing with ethical issues
debriefed
psychiatric support- allowed free access to a psychiatrist for a year
given post-research interview- 84% glad/very glad to take part, 15% neutral, 2% sorry/very sorry to take part
Kohlberg ethics
risk of stress etc- Ps were very young children and adolescents- might become upset with nature of some questions
valid consent- Ps were children at start of research- K must’ve sought consent from parent/guardian
working with vulnerable individuals- Ps were children (10-16 at start)- should’ve experienced higher levels of safeguarding
