Essay themes, nature of gov and economy and society

Question 1

urban working conditions

Answer 1

A3: no factory inspectorate untill 1882, 1882 under 12 banned

N2: 1896, 11 hour working day, 1903, insurance, 1914, statutory holidays

S: 10/12 hour day, 1939after success of 1st 5 year plan went down to 7 hour day

Question 2

urban living conditions

Answer 2

N2: 1000 towns, 2 mil people, 50% built poorly, 200 water, 38 sewage. 1910 100,000 died cholera

L: proletariat given private dwellings, population increasing at a rapid pace

S: overcrowding became the norm, communal living, 1930s moscow multiple families in one room. WW2= 25,000 homeless

K: agro towns, built poorly and poorly funded

Question 3

access to land

Answer 3

A2: tied to mir, nobility got best land
A3: peasant land bank1883- peasants got better land, better value, loans to make it available (redemption payments tied peasants to land)
N2: stolypin 1906, strip land and private alloments
L: Decree on land 1917 abolition of private property and redistribution of land
S: collectivisation, communal farms
K: virgin land campaign: overused land, couldnt be fertilised, bad harvests, state farms (solvkozys)

Question 4

political freedoms

Answer 4

A2: Mir dominated by nobility
A3: zemstva also dominated
N2: 1st and 2nd dumas failed, not implemented properly, yet dominated. (third element, last minute replacement for dumas as opposition grew)
political parties first allowed
L: SRs banned
S: no political parties allowed

Question 5

religious freedoms

Answer 5

N2: non orthodox rights restricted
A3: 1883, old believers had to operate out of public eye

communists:
bible replaced with 22nd partys’s ‘moral code’
WW2, churches destroyed, property confiscated
none had time
had to operate underground

Question 6

education

Answer 6

A3: exclusion policy, elites of society

N2: end of 19th century, 9 unis, 16,500 students. 1914, 51% PA attended

L: gov had full control over zemstva, minister of education took over, campaigned against lower classes, changed curriculums, scrapped gymnasia, polytechnics which worked on skills for working world

S: school fees limited who could attend.

K: scrapped fees, closed boarding schools, went back to polytechnics

Question 7

structure of gov

Answer 7

Tsars: 5 prong
-senate, tsar, council ministers, committee ministers, chancellery
A2: mir, commitee of ministers 1881
A3: zemstva 1884
N2: dumas and third elements
PG: move from tsarism to communism
L: dictatorship rather than communist, proletariat ready
S: total rule, no opposing parties

Question 8

ideology

Answer 8

Tsars: divine right, autocracy, fundamental laws.
A3: russification

L: marxism lenism: no political parties, gov untill could be given to workers. tried to be a diplomat, but dictatorship

S: totalitarianism, megalomaniac, absolute leader, dictator

K: destalinisation

Question 9

police

Answer 9

A2: Okhrana 1880
A3: Okhrana, spying on political enemies
N2: Okhrana not used as much, peaked in 1905 to handle revolutionaries
L: no Okhrana, OGPU
S: enforced purges
K: reformed MVD

Question 10

army

Answer 10

A2: internal affairs
A3: russification
N2: dismantle strikes
PG: WW2
L: too dismantle strikes from riots and political parties
S: red army purges
K: foreign affairs

Question 11

production

Answer 11

S: 5 year plans, 1927-40, coal: 35-150, oil: 21-26 steel: 3-18

K: plastics and modern moved away from heavy industry proved bad, production slowed as more focus on industry.

L: NEP production fell, 1913-1921 29-8.9, scissor crisis, struggled with famine

A2: new work force, emancipation

Question 12

infrastructure

Answer 12

A2: reutern 1862, 1862- 2194- 1879 13,979. doubled industrial output

S: 1939, 8,000 enterprises, biggest railway (Tran Siberian) connecting all major industrial centers

N2: expanded during war, 13,270-33,270 but proved inefficient during war, 11 times less track than germany

Question 13

finance

Answer 13

A2: reutern foreign investment, monopoly concessions and investment capital, meant they could focus on industry

A3: vysh: state bank and treasury, mendelev tarriff (import taxes)
witte went back to foreign affairs

S: self sufficient, economic autarky

Question 14

foreign aid

Answer 14

tsars only

j.j hughes welshman, steel industry, more than 1/2. 32,000 welsh russians

noble brothers, oil

ludwig loop, manchester, textile industry

Question 15

censorship

Answer 15

A2: glasnost, could still withdraw publications, gov still published newspapers

A3: clamped down, closed down facilities, censored materials

N2: 1894 expansion of press, prepublication gone, issues in duma began to be published

L: board of agitation and propaganda closed down boards. russification through schools, controlled media

S: 1932 closed down media stations, all writers had too join soviet writers union.

K: books and libraries proliferated
-by late 1950s nearly 65,000 books published
-newspapers flourished
-by 1959, 145 films had been made, cinemas increased to 59,000

Question 16

opposition under tsars

Answer 16

-narodniks (populist) relax on censorship more space to critique
-the peoples will, terrorist group that assasinated A2. 50-500 members
-social revolutionaries, divided and weak
-kadets, social democrats etc all dealt with by okhrana and secret police

-peasants due to redemption payments and food shortages

-demoted opposition from posts (sergei witte)

Question 17

opposition under communists

Answer 17

Prov gov: petrogad soviet

L: trotsky, bretst litovsk treaty. was saying the war would end anyways.
-jan 1924 power struggle due to lenins health
-certain bolsheviks called for coalition with other socialist groups, bullied them into rejecting alliance

S: Trotsky wanted a permanent revolution, exiled to khasakstan
-united opposition group demanded more free speech
-bukharin opposed collectivisation
-sent kulaks to gulags

K: destalinisation put an end to purges, allowed greater tolerance of political criticism.