Economy and society- Tsars Flashcards
what was finance and foreign investment like under A2?
-opposite to stalin
-reuterns worked in early days, cut short by war
-reutern secured foreign monies, investment through gov bonds, monopoly concessions and taxation exempltion
-railway increased importance of foreign investment
-allowed them to focus souly on industry instead of worrying about funding
what was finance and foreign investment like under A3?
-somewhat kept finances in country
-state bank and treasury
-raised revenue through Mendelev tariff (import taxes)
-vyshnegradsky
-Witte then moved back to the idea of foreign loans and investment
what was production like under A2?
-emancipation and the new work force
-rates steady
-focus on heavy industry like stalin
-coal production 300,000 1860 to 3 million in 1880
what was infrastructure like under A2?
-1862, reuturn built on foundations of railway
-2194 miles in 1862 to 13,979 in 1879
-wasnt just stalin who increased
-responsible for doubling industrial output, annual growth rate of 6%
what was infrastructure like under N2?
-railway expanded, costly and not impressive compared to others in europe
-1914 11 times less track than germany
-railway inefficient during war
what were political freedoms like under A2?
emancipation- give freedom to state peasants
-zemstva meant elected representatives, elected by land owners and serfs
-partially dominated by clergy and tied to the mir
what were political freedoms like under N2?
Duma allowed serfs to criticise political poolicy, parties were allowed
-tsar had the final say, 1st and 2nd shut down early, inefficient
what was access to land like under A3?
-1883 peasant land bank (buy more land)
-loans helped them buy new land
-more available
-favorable prices
what was access to land like under N2?
1906 stolypin reforms tried to solve problems in the countryside
-changes in land tenure, meant peasants could obtain individual land titles
-consolidated seperated land strips into single private alotments
-land redistribution
what were religious freedoms like under the tsars?
-orthodox and non-orthodix religion remained under state control
-1910, rights of non orthodox restricted
-1883, old belivers could still meet but couldnt publically promote their belief
what were living and working conditions like under A2?
Working:
-1861 industrial workers made up less than 1% of population
-until 1861, 50 million state or privately owned serfs
Living:
-food shortages
what were living and working conditions like under A3?
Working conditions:
-no factory inspectorate untill 1882
-1882, employment of under 12 banned
-1889 land captains abused power over peasants
-1896 maximum 11 hour day imposed
Living conditions:
-1891 bad weather meant half provinces in russia had food shortages
-Gov partially responsible due to heavy taxation of cosumer goods
-350,000 died starvation
-In response, banned exports of grain and set up commitees on famine relief
-Queues over 8 hours for bread
-urbanization= disease, poorly built houses
what were living and working conditions like under N2?
Living conditions:
-by 1914 over 1000 towns containing 2 million buildings
-50% housing constructed poorly, 200 towns had piped water, 38 had sewer systems
-urbanisation: rapid spread of cholera 1910, 100,000 deaths
-countryside lived in overcrowded wooden huts, Izbau
-lived with animals
-failed to transport food to countryside
Working conditions:
-1896, 11 hour working day fixed by law
-1903 workers insurance scheme introduced
-1914 statutory holidays
-aimed to get money out of peasants to pay for industrialization, an easily exploitable class
what was education like under A2?
-new code, introduced traditional curriculum alongside modern
-gov had full control
-1877 inspections introduced
-Tolstoy manipulated school curriculum
what was education like under A3?
-exclusion policy further banned lower class from attending secondary schools
-‘preserve of elites in Russian society’
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