Economy and society- Tsars Flashcards
what was finance and foreign investment like under A2?
-opposite to stalin
-reuterns worked in early days, cut short by war
-reutern secured foreign monies, investment through gov bonds, monopoly concessions and taxation exempltion
-railway increased importance of foreign investment
-allowed them to focus souly on industry instead of worrying about funding
what was finance and foreign investment like under A3?
-somewhat kept finances in country
-state bank and treasury
-raised revenue through Mendelev tariff (import taxes)
-vyshnegradsky
-Witte then moved back to the idea of foreign loans and investment
what was production like under A2?
-emancipation and the new work force
-rates steady
-focus on heavy industry like stalin
-coal production 300,000 1860 to 3 million in 1880
what was infrastructure like under A2?
-1862, reuturn built on foundations of railway
-2194 miles in 1862 to 13,979 in 1879
-wasnt just stalin who increased
-responsible for doubling industrial output, annual growth rate of 6%
what was infrastructure like under N2?
-railway expanded, costly and not impressive compared to others in europe
-1914 11 times less track than germany
-railway inefficient during war
what were political freedoms like under A2?
emancipation- give freedom to state peasants
-zemstva meant elected representatives, elected by land owners and serfs
-partially dominated by clergy and tied to the mir
what were political freedoms like under N2?
Duma allowed serfs to criticise political poolicy, parties were allowed
-tsar had the final say, 1st and 2nd shut down early, inefficient
what was access to land like under A3?
-1883 peasant land bank (buy more land)
-loans helped them buy new land
-more available
-favorable prices
what was access to land like under N2?
1906 stolypin reforms tried to solve problems in the countryside
-changes in land tenure, meant peasants could obtain individual land titles
-consolidated seperated land strips into single private alotments
-land redistribution
what were religious freedoms like under the tsars?
-orthodox and non-orthodix religion remained under state control
-1910, rights of non orthodox restricted
-1883, old belivers could still meet but couldnt publically promote their belief
what were living and working conditions like under A2?
Working:
-1861 industrial workers made up less than 1% of population
-until 1861, 50 million state or privately owned serfs
Living:
-food shortages
what were living and working conditions like under A3?
Working conditions:
-no factory inspectorate untill 1882
-1882, employment of under 12 banned
-1889 land captains abused power over peasants
-1896 maximum 11 hour day imposed
Living conditions:
-1891 bad weather meant half provinces in russia had food shortages
-Gov partially responsible due to heavy taxation of cosumer goods
-350,000 died starvation
-In response, banned exports of grain and set up commitees on famine relief
-Queues over 8 hours for bread
-urbanization= disease, poorly built houses
what were living and working conditions like under N2?
Living conditions:
-by 1914 over 1000 towns containing 2 million buildings
-50% housing constructed poorly, 200 towns had piped water, 38 had sewer systems
-urbanisation: rapid spread of cholera 1910, 100,000 deaths
-countryside lived in overcrowded wooden huts, Izbau
-lived with animals
-failed to transport food to countryside
Working conditions:
-1896, 11 hour working day fixed by law
-1903 workers insurance scheme introduced
-1914 statutory holidays
-aimed to get money out of peasants to pay for industrialization, an easily exploitable class
what was education like under A2?
-new code, introduced traditional curriculum alongside modern
-gov had full control
-1877 inspections introduced
-Tolstoy manipulated school curriculum
what was education like under A3?
-exclusion policy further banned lower class from attending secondary schools
-‘preserve of elites in Russian society’
-
what was education like under N2?
expansion= 1914, 51% primary age attended school
-still way below numbers elsewhere
-by the end of 19th century, 9 unis, 16,500 students
what was access to land like under A2?
-the Mir tied peasants to land, a system of communal land tenure
-tried to move away from serfdom
-didn’t really as was still restrictive
economic policys under A2
bunge
economic policys under A3
vyshnegradsky
economy under N2
vyshnegradsky and witte
the great spurt: spread of industry and increase in production
-mainly due to private enterprise
-state capitalism: prefered over private enterprise
-1897 put Russian currency on gold standard
-strong exchange rate
-hoped for financial stability and foreign investment
-successful but penalized consumers who had to pay higher prices
approach to industry under A2?
-state involvement
-appointed finance minister reutern
-railway construction and foreign technical expertise
-modernize new and old industries
-iron and steel production for military
was there any help from abroad under A2?
-Ludwig loop, manchester, helped develop russian textile industry
-noble brothers responsible for growth of modern oil industry
-welshmen, j.j hughes trasformed the iron and steel industry
impact of foreign expertise under A2?
-responsible by the start of 20th century for 1/2 steel production in russia
-new town, 32,000 welsh russians
-catching up with economies abroad
what was industry focus under A3?
-heavy industry
-railway
-urban population increase
reforms made by nikolay bunge?
-eased financial pressure on peasants
-abolished salt tax in 1881
-poll tax in 1886
-and set up peasant land bank in 1883
reforms made by vyshnegradsky?
-rebuilt russian finances after russo turkish war
-30% gov expenditure spent on military, more needed to be invested into industry
-solution= raise import tariffs
-raised revenue but at terrible price
-triggered 1891 famine, killed over 1 million
what reforms did the finance minister under N2 make?
-sergei witte
-7 year plan for rapid industrialization
-1893 secured massive french loans and used to build up railway
-foreign investment increased hugely from 1898
-1 mil roubles in 1880 to 91.1 million roubles in 1900
-state debt huge
how much did railway expand under N2
1881- 13,270
1900- 33,270
industrial policies N2
-wittes great spurt
-7.5% annual growth rate
-tran siberian railway completed in 1906
-Huge impact of WW1 on industry
-coal prod 10% of Britains at start of WW1
