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Russia thematic > Empires and nationalities, T and C > Flashcards

Empires and nationalities, T and C Flashcards

1
Q

Poland A2

A

-firmly under russian control
-1863-4 failed rebellion
-disliked Wielopolski’s forced conscription, assasination attemps
-army stepped in leaders executed

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2
Q

Poland A3

A

-1892 Polish socialist party formed

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3
Q

Poland N2

A

WW1 major turning point, Treaty of Brest litovsk gave independence

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4
Q

Poland L

A

-1920 russo polish war, retained independence, recapture of territiry, but forced to retreat
-ww1 major turning poing: Poland free from russian rule, treaty of brest litovsk granted in 1918

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5
Q

Poland S

A

1950- 30,000 striking workers sent to camps

lots of tensions around the polish question, yalta conferences post WW2 and during

-anti commitern alliance, threatened german invasion of russia
-Nazi soviet non agression pact, meant russia agreed not to interfere in any attempts from germany to invade poland
-soured relations

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6
Q

Poland K

A

‘secret speech’ provoked demand for polish stalinist politicians to step down
-khrushchev agreed to demands
-Gomulka released from prison, took over leadership of poland
-easing of controll followed
-Peasants allowed to leave collective farms, set up independent small holdings
-catholic church allowed to teach religion again
-until death, expeirienced relief

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7
Q

Jews A2

A

-allowed members of pale to migrate

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8
Q

Jews A3

A

-clamped down on freedoms an up to WW1 lots of persecution
-Blamed for percieved threat
-Mini pogrom ‘little thunder’ prompted by anti semitic roup called holy league
-Confined the pale, ban on purchasing land, resrictions on military positions
-removal from zemstvo electoral register

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9
Q

Jews N2

A

-Continued anti jewish agenda
-Accused of being revolutionaries
-Did allow t it on Duma 1930s
-Ban on jewish religion
-closure of jewish institutions and specialist publications
-Doctors plot August 1952, accused of plot to murder high ranking soviet officials
-15 jewish leaders executed

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10
Q

Jews K

A

-Percieved threat of jewish subversises throughout
-prominent jewish technical specialists executed for anti jewish activity.

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11
Q

Ukraine A2

A

-banned publication and import of books in ukraine
-resistant to change

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12
Q

Ukraine S

A

-Huge opposition to collectivisation
-millions killed
-suffered more than any group
-theoretically more autonomy from 1938
-accused of german collaboration WW2, exiled or executed

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13
Q

Caucaisians N2

A

-Dashnacks and Georgian Menshviks antagonising

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14
Q

Caucaisians L

A

-georgia independent 1921, suggestions they would merge with Armenia, georgian communists opposed

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15
Q

Caucasians S

A

-Ordered commisar of national minoriies to bring under control disagreements within party

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16
Q

Baltic states A3

A

-late 1800s rise of nationalism but never strong enough for independence

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17
Q

Baltic states S

A

-1936 fairly easy to be incorporated into new federal system of russian Gov
-severe repressive systems used to maintain law and order
-GPW suffered significantly during war
-mass deportaions over fears of nazi collaboration

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18
Q

Hungary K

A

-1956 uprising, protest against russian control
-By end of 1949 nearly 250,000 party members expelled
-sparked hopes of decentralisation

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19
Q

Finland A2

A

-liberal stance, conceded demands of seperate finnish parliament in 1963, and constitution in 1965
-appointed Bobrikov as Governer general, marked a change
-finland fully integrated

-seperate arm disbanded
-russian main language
-much opposition

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19
Q

Finland A2

A

-liberal stance, conceded demands of seperate finnish parliament in 1963, and constitution in 1965
-appointed Bobrikov as Governer general, marked a change
-finland fully integrated

-seperate arm disbanded
-russian main language

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20
Q

Finland N2

A

-Bobrikov assasinated 1904
-1905 full autonomy
-quickly cancelled by stolypin

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21
Q

Finland L

A

Lasting autonomy after brest litovsk

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22
Q

what were the main national minority groups over teh period

A

finland
caucaus
central asia
baltic
poland

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23
Q

what were jews seen as?

A

-unique national minority

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24
Q

why were jews seen in such way?

A

-kept in an artifically create area that went across the boundaries of other groups

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25
Q

what was revealed in first russian census 1897?

A

that minorities made up 55% of the empires population in ukraine

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26
Q

when was the polish revolt

A

1963

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27
Q

what was the polish revolt

A

wielopolski PM seen as russian lapdog, appointed PM of poland
-disliked by many, assasination attempts
-responded with forced conscription
-rebel unsuccessful, leaders executed

28
Q

Consequences of polish revolt

A

-nobiles exiled to siberia
-peasants emancipated
-creation of rural councils
-russian became official languages

29
Q

Impact of WW1 on poland

A

-liberated from russia by germany

30
Q

Impact of Russo-polish war

A

-russian defeat led to western ukraine going to poland
-gained full independence

31
Q

Finland russication Tsars:

A

-pre 1984, liberal stance, parliament (diet)
-N2 encouraged to join empire but caued opposition
-granted independece 1905 but repealed

32
Q

Finland russification Communists:

A

-lasting indpendence under brest litovsk
-39-40 unsuccessful russian attempt to regain influence
-treaty of mutual friendship

33
Q

Baltic russification under Tsars

A

-old influence of german leaders rise in nationalism and not strong enough to be independent

34
Q

ukraine russification under Tsars

A

-similar to poles

35
Q

Ukraine russification under the communists

A

-Full independence, brest litovsk
-breadbasket of europe, focus of stalins collectivisation
-theoretically imroved under 1939 constitution
-WW2 saw much more accusation of german collab

36
Q

Cacausian russification under tsars

A

-divided along religious lines
-this and literacy rates made russification easy
-dashnaks and georgian menshviks proved antagonistic towards N2
-georgia regained independence in 1902, lost in 1921

37
Q

caucasian russification under communists

A

-lost by red army in 1921
-stalin ruthlessly health with george dissidents during role as ommisar for nationalities, although made concessions in 1936 constitution

38
Q

why did russia want to expand into central asia?

A

-colonies that can be used for raw materials
-attempts to spread russian influence further

39
Q

when was most of the expansion into central asia?

A

by late 1880s, but efforts to exert influence continued across whole period

40
Q

Where did russia have influence over in central asia by end of WW2

A

-uzbekistan
-kazahkstan
-turkmenistan

41
Q

What were the main motives for expansion?

A

-Provide living and working space for large number of peasants from european russia
-Cotton cultivation, raw materials needed for textile industry
-many borded afghanistan, india and china, prospect of further expansion

42
Q

What were measures carried out instead of russification in central asia

A

-1891 Steppe statute: 40 acres land granted to peasant settlers
-1910 stolypin pushed for greater migration to accomodate rising peasant demands for land.
-land belonging to natives expropriated
-1907 electoral law gave muslims representation under duma, under communists rights would be protected
-1915-1917 tried to conscript people to help in war, but deemed not fit for combat and given other jobs, disresepctful
-rebelled conscription revolt
-Soviet regimes more sensitive to wants and needs of central asia

-central areas, constitutions contructed but in more remote areas used as dumping ground, for other groups who needed punishing

-khrushchev 1957 ‘decree on the reheabilitation of deported peoples”, allowed mnay to return to homelands
-also involved in affairs through virgin land schemes, indigineous people felt swamped by immigrants looking for more land

43
Q

what was russian involvement in the far east influenced by?

A

transport and communication

44
Q

what events led to russia getting a hold of the far east?

A

-Amur basin
-Japan
-The chinese boxer rebellion

45
Q

What happened in the amur basin?

A

-1860, secured as a resul of govenor general of eastern siberia
-using personal army, forced chinese too sign two treaties
-gave russia territory around amur river but also pacific coast
1860, Vadivostok etablisjed, naval base for russias pacific fleat

46
Q

What hapened with japan?

A

-1st rival in far east
1894, japan attacked china, russia concluded defense treaty with china
-allowed them to contruct railway, giving them access to mineral deposits in manchuria

47
Q

what was the chinese boxer rebellion and when?

A

-1899-1900
-Opportunity for russia to consolodate presence in manchuria
-japan upset, attempted to broker deal with japan
-russians declines, japan torpedoes ships in port arthur
-russo japanese war as a result.

48
Q

what was Kuomintang?

A

chinese peoples party

49
Q

what was the role of the kuomintang?

A

-For lenin and stalin it seemed like the only viable option to restore unity in china after WW1 upheavals
-1924, soviet union signed formal peace treaty with its leader
-died in 1925, replaced with Chiang, more harsh to opposition ‘extermination’ of troublemakers

50
Q

what support for Kuomingtang was there from the soviet union?

A

fairly good during troubles with japan and chinese communist party
-under khrushchev, friendship rapidlu deteriorated and by 1960s norder disputes were emerging

51
Q

Manchuria and soviet control

A

japan had most control but soviet union kept jurisdiction of port arthur untill stalins death 19953

52
Q

Soviet union and Korea

A

played no role in war, 1953, but still blamed by US for influincing initial invasion of Kim (north korean leader)
-heightened cold war tensions, encouraged khrushchev’s policy of peaceful coexistence

53
Q

Where else was russian influecne strong in china?

A

-Sinkiang
-Tanu Tuva
-Mongolia

54
Q

Sinkiang and UUSR

A

1921 became soviet influence and partial occupation untill 1949

55
Q

Tanu tuva and USSR

A

Made russian protectorate in 1914, but became independent in 1921

56
Q

Mongolia and USSR

A

1945 occupied by soviet forces but became individual state a year later, still under strong soviet influence

57
Q

Why did russia advance into eastern and central europe after WW2?

A

saw opportunity to expand

58
Q

worries from elsewhere about soviet advances post WW2

A

Many thought they would be attempting to create a communist bloc

59
Q

what was the treaty of brest litovsk?

A
60
Q

what happened in Oct 1917?

A

Bolsheviks wanted to adress russias withdrawl from war
-Lenin promised peace bread land
-decree on peace called

61
Q

what happened in Feb 1918?

A

-german leadership tired of bolshevik slowness, sign to seperate treaty in ukraine
-responded by ordering troops to push deep into russia
-germany demanded strict peace conditions
-called another meeting to discuss terms of treaty
-lenin wanted to be accepted, buhkarin wanted to continue war in the name of the revolution

62
Q

western powers causing iron curtain

A

truman doctrine and iron curtain speech

63
Q

USSR causing iron curtain

A

-fear of invasion
-Stalin decided to cripple germany
-post war elections rigged, Hungary communists won 20% of votes, but dominated cabinet
-Stalin 1945 speech, communism and capitalisim incompatible
-establishment of comecon to rival marshall aid
-to cooridnate these government and warsaw pact military alliance 1945

64
Q

Yugslavia

A

-1945 election help, communist govt under marsshall tito
-tito wanted to consolodate authonomy, resisted stalins intereference, objected to over centralisation and formed own communism
-yugoslavia kept free of direct soviet control untill 1980

65
Q

Czechslovaki

A

-1946 free election, coalition gov
-1948 just before new elections, communists seized power, resulted in resignation of most non coms before coalition
-elections proceeded were rigged, all candidates were communists

66
Q

Hungary

A

-post WW2, free election, again rigged to from majority communist cabinet
-no all pro stalin, and protested
-led to mass expulsion
-till stalin died, hungary led by mates replaced by Nagy,
-Khrushchev secret speech, hungary uprising 1965, death big

67
Q

East germany

A

-yalta, established 4 zones, russian given east
-agreement undermined by stalins 1945 statemnent that germnay should belong to russia, creation of bizonia
-berlin bloclade

Russia thematic (9 decks)

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