Empires and nationalities, T and C Flashcards
Poland A2
-firmly under russian control
-1863-4 failed rebellion
-disliked Wielopolski’s forced conscription, assasination attemps
-army stepped in leaders executed
Poland A3
-1892 Polish socialist party formed
Poland N2
WW1 major turning point, Treaty of Brest litovsk gave independence
Poland L
-1920 russo polish war, retained independence, recapture of territiry, but forced to retreat
-ww1 major turning poing: Poland free from russian rule, treaty of brest litovsk granted in 1918
Poland S
1950- 30,000 striking workers sent to camps
lots of tensions around the polish question, yalta conferences post WW2 and during
-anti commitern alliance, threatened german invasion of russia
-Nazi soviet non agression pact, meant russia agreed not to interfere in any attempts from germany to invade poland
-soured relations
Poland K
‘secret speech’ provoked demand for polish stalinist politicians to step down
-khrushchev agreed to demands
-Gomulka released from prison, took over leadership of poland
-easing of controll followed
-Peasants allowed to leave collective farms, set up independent small holdings
-catholic church allowed to teach religion again
-until death, expeirienced relief
Jews A2
-allowed members of pale to migrate
Jews A3
-clamped down on freedoms an up to WW1 lots of persecution
-Blamed for percieved threat
-Mini pogrom ‘little thunder’ prompted by anti semitic roup called holy league
-Confined the pale, ban on purchasing land, resrictions on military positions
-removal from zemstvo electoral register
Jews N2
-Continued anti jewish agenda
-Accused of being revolutionaries
-Did allow t it on Duma 1930s
-Ban on jewish religion
-closure of jewish institutions and specialist publications
-Doctors plot August 1952, accused of plot to murder high ranking soviet officials
-15 jewish leaders executed
Jews K
-Percieved threat of jewish subversises throughout
-prominent jewish technical specialists executed for anti jewish activity.
Ukraine A2
-banned publication and import of books in ukraine
-resistant to change
Ukraine S
-Huge opposition to collectivisation
-millions killed
-suffered more than any group
-theoretically more autonomy from 1938
-accused of german collaboration WW2, exiled or executed
Caucaisians N2
-Dashnacks and Georgian Menshviks antagonising
Caucaisians L
-georgia independent 1921, suggestions they would merge with Armenia, georgian communists opposed
Caucasians S
-Ordered commisar of national minoriies to bring under control disagreements within party
Baltic states A3
-late 1800s rise of nationalism but never strong enough for independence
Baltic states S
-1936 fairly easy to be incorporated into new federal system of russian Gov
-severe repressive systems used to maintain law and order
-GPW suffered significantly during war
-mass deportaions over fears of nazi collaboration
Hungary K
-1956 uprising, protest against russian control
-By end of 1949 nearly 250,000 party members expelled
-sparked hopes of decentralisation
Finland A2
-liberal stance, conceded demands of seperate finnish parliament in 1963, and constitution in 1965
-appointed Bobrikov as Governer general, marked a change
-finland fully integrated
-seperate arm disbanded
-russian main language
-much opposition
Finland A2
-liberal stance, conceded demands of seperate finnish parliament in 1963, and constitution in 1965
-appointed Bobrikov as Governer general, marked a change
-finland fully integrated
-seperate arm disbanded
-russian main language
Finland N2
-Bobrikov assasinated 1904
-1905 full autonomy
-quickly cancelled by stolypin
Finland L
Lasting autonomy after brest litovsk
what were the main national minority groups over teh period
finland
caucaus
central asia
baltic
poland
what were jews seen as?
-unique national minority
why were jews seen in such way?
-kept in an artifically create area that went across the boundaries of other groups
what was revealed in first russian census 1897?
that minorities made up 55% of the empires population in ukraine
when was the polish revolt
1963
what was the polish revolt
wielopolski PM seen as russian lapdog, appointed PM of poland
-disliked by many, assasination attempts
-responded with forced conscription
-rebel unsuccessful, leaders executed
Consequences of polish revolt
-nobiles exiled to siberia
-peasants emancipated
-creation of rural councils
-russian became official languages
Impact of WW1 on poland
-liberated from russia by germany
Impact of Russo-polish war
-russian defeat led to western ukraine going to poland
-gained full independence
Finland russication Tsars:
-pre 1984, liberal stance, parliament (diet)
-N2 encouraged to join empire but caued opposition
-granted independece 1905 but repealed
Finland russification Communists:
-lasting indpendence under brest litovsk
-39-40 unsuccessful russian attempt to regain influence
-treaty of mutual friendship
Baltic russification under Tsars
-old influence of german leaders rise in nationalism and not strong enough to be independent
ukraine russification under Tsars
-similar to poles
Ukraine russification under the communists
-Full independence, brest litovsk
-breadbasket of europe, focus of stalins collectivisation
-theoretically imroved under 1939 constitution
-WW2 saw much more accusation of german collab
Cacausian russification under tsars
-divided along religious lines
-this and literacy rates made russification easy
-dashnaks and georgian menshviks proved antagonistic towards N2
-georgia regained independence in 1902, lost in 1921
caucasian russification under communists
-lost by red army in 1921
-stalin ruthlessly health with george dissidents during role as ommisar for nationalities, although made concessions in 1936 constitution
why did russia want to expand into central asia?
-colonies that can be used for raw materials
-attempts to spread russian influence further
when was most of the expansion into central asia?
by late 1880s, but efforts to exert influence continued across whole period
Where did russia have influence over in central asia by end of WW2
-uzbekistan
-kazahkstan
-turkmenistan
What were the main motives for expansion?
-Provide living and working space for large number of peasants from european russia
-Cotton cultivation, raw materials needed for textile industry
-many borded afghanistan, india and china, prospect of further expansion
What were measures carried out instead of russification in central asia
-1891 Steppe statute: 40 acres land granted to peasant settlers
-1910 stolypin pushed for greater migration to accomodate rising peasant demands for land.
-land belonging to natives expropriated
-1907 electoral law gave muslims representation under duma, under communists rights would be protected
-1915-1917 tried to conscript people to help in war, but deemed not fit for combat and given other jobs, disresepctful
-rebelled conscription revolt
-Soviet regimes more sensitive to wants and needs of central asia
-central areas, constitutions contructed but in more remote areas used as dumping ground, for other groups who needed punishing
-khrushchev 1957 ‘decree on the reheabilitation of deported peoples”, allowed mnay to return to homelands
-also involved in affairs through virgin land schemes, indigineous people felt swamped by immigrants looking for more land
what was russian involvement in the far east influenced by?
transport and communication
what events led to russia getting a hold of the far east?
-Amur basin
-Japan
-The chinese boxer rebellion
What happened in the amur basin?
-1860, secured as a resul of govenor general of eastern siberia
-using personal army, forced chinese too sign two treaties
-gave russia territory around amur river but also pacific coast
1860, Vadivostok etablisjed, naval base for russias pacific fleat
What hapened with japan?
-1st rival in far east
1894, japan attacked china, russia concluded defense treaty with china
-allowed them to contruct railway, giving them access to mineral deposits in manchuria
what was the chinese boxer rebellion and when?
-1899-1900
-Opportunity for russia to consolodate presence in manchuria
-japan upset, attempted to broker deal with japan
-russians declines, japan torpedoes ships in port arthur
-russo japanese war as a result.
what was Kuomintang?
chinese peoples party
what was the role of the kuomintang?
-For lenin and stalin it seemed like the only viable option to restore unity in china after WW1 upheavals
-1924, soviet union signed formal peace treaty with its leader
-died in 1925, replaced with Chiang, more harsh to opposition ‘extermination’ of troublemakers
what support for Kuomingtang was there from the soviet union?
fairly good during troubles with japan and chinese communist party
-under khrushchev, friendship rapidlu deteriorated and by 1960s norder disputes were emerging
Manchuria and soviet control
japan had most control but soviet union kept jurisdiction of port arthur untill stalins death 19953
Soviet union and Korea
played no role in war, 1953, but still blamed by US for influincing initial invasion of Kim (north korean leader)
-heightened cold war tensions, encouraged khrushchev’s policy of peaceful coexistence
Where else was russian influecne strong in china?
-Sinkiang
-Tanu Tuva
-Mongolia
Sinkiang and UUSR
1921 became soviet influence and partial occupation untill 1949
Tanu tuva and USSR
Made russian protectorate in 1914, but became independent in 1921
Mongolia and USSR
1945 occupied by soviet forces but became individual state a year later, still under strong soviet influence
Why did russia advance into eastern and central europe after WW2?
saw opportunity to expand
worries from elsewhere about soviet advances post WW2
Many thought they would be attempting to create a communist bloc
what was the treaty of brest litovsk?
what happened in Oct 1917?
Bolsheviks wanted to adress russias withdrawl from war
-Lenin promised peace bread land
-decree on peace called
what happened in Feb 1918?
-german leadership tired of bolshevik slowness, sign to seperate treaty in ukraine
-responded by ordering troops to push deep into russia
-germany demanded strict peace conditions
-called another meeting to discuss terms of treaty
-lenin wanted to be accepted, buhkarin wanted to continue war in the name of the revolution
western powers causing iron curtain
truman doctrine and iron curtain speech
USSR causing iron curtain
-fear of invasion
-Stalin decided to cripple germany
-post war elections rigged, Hungary communists won 20% of votes, but dominated cabinet
-Stalin 1945 speech, communism and capitalisim incompatible
-establishment of comecon to rival marshall aid
-to cooridnate these government and warsaw pact military alliance 1945
Yugslavia
-1945 election help, communist govt under marsshall tito
-tito wanted to consolodate authonomy, resisted stalins intereference, objected to over centralisation and formed own communism
-yugoslavia kept free of direct soviet control untill 1980
Czechslovaki
-1946 free election, coalition gov
-1948 just before new elections, communists seized power, resulted in resignation of most non coms before coalition
-elections proceeded were rigged, all candidates were communists
Hungary
-post WW2, free election, again rigged to from majority communist cabinet
-no all pro stalin, and protested
-led to mass expulsion
-till stalin died, hungary led by mates replaced by Nagy,
-Khrushchev secret speech, hungary uprising 1965, death big
East germany
-yalta, established 4 zones, russian given east
-agreement undermined by stalins 1945 statemnent that germnay should belong to russia, creation of bizonia
-berlin bloclade
