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Hematology 1 > Erythropoiesis > Flashcards

Erythropoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Total mass of RBCs circulating in the peripheral blood and the BM RBC precursors

A

Erythron

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2
Q

Refers to erythrocytes in the circulation only

A

RBC mass

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3
Q

Conditions that result to ineffective erythropoiesis

A
  1. Vitamin B12 deficiency
  2. Folate deficiency
  3. Thalassemia
  4. Sideroblastic anemia
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4
Q

Type of anemia in Vitamin B12 deficiency and Folate deficiency

A

Macrocytic, normochromic anemia

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5
Q

Type of anemia in thalassemia and sideroblastic anemia

A

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia

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6
Q

Anemia in renal disease and acute leukemia

A

Normocytic, normochromic

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7
Q

Difference between progenitor cells and precursor cells

A

Precursor cells are morphologically identifiable but progenitor cells are not.
* both are immature hematopoietic cells

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8
Q

Earliest marker of erythroid differentiation

A

CD71 * Can also act as a transferrin receptor

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9
Q

Chief stimulator cytokines for RBCs

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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10
Q

Primary organ responsible for producing EPO

A

Kidney

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11
Q

Primary cell source of EPO

A

Peritubular interstitial cell of the kidneys

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12
Q

Primary target cells of EPO

A

BFU-E and CFU-E

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13
Q

Hormones that stimulates erythropoiesis directly

A

Growth hormone and Prolactin (both from Pituitary gland)

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14
Q

Hormones that stimulates erythropoiesis indirectly

A

Testosterone and Estrogen (From testes and ovaries respectively)

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15
Q

Reason of difference in the RBC count, Hgb, and Hct. of male and female

A

Hormones (Testosterone) * Testosterone stimulates erythropoiesis indirectly

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16
Q

Committed erythroid progenitor cells

A

BFU-E and CFU-E

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17
Q

Number of days for a BFU-E to mature to an erythrocyte

A

18-21 days

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18
Q

Give the Normoblast and Erythroblast nomenclature of rubriblast

A

Pronormoblast / Proerythroblast

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19
Q

Arrange the order of Erythropoiesis

A
  1. Rubriblast
  2. Prorubricyte
  3. Rubricyte
  4. Metarubricyte
  5. Reticulocyte
  6. Mature Erythrocyte
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20
Q

N:C ratio of pronormoblast

A

8:1

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21
Q

Last stage of erythropoiesis with a nucleolus

A

Prorubricyte

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22
Q

First stage of hemoglobin synthesis

A

Prorubricyte / Basophilic normoblast

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23
Q

One pronormoblast can produce how many prorubricytes?

A

2

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24
Q

One prorubricyte can produce how many rubricytes?

A

4

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25
Q

Stage of erythropoiesis commonly confused as a lymphocyte

A

Rubricyte (Polychromatic Normoblast)

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26
Q

Cytoplasmic color of rubricytes

A

Muddy gray

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27
Q

Differentiate lymphocytes and reticulocytes based on the ff. Characteristics:

  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
A 
Lymphocytes 
1. Nucleus: crushed velvet 
2. Cytoplasm: Sky blue / Robin egg blue 
Rubricytes
1. Nucleus : checkerboard 
2. Cytoplasm: muddy gray

= muddy gray due to the mixing of blue (basophilic) and pink (acidic) color

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28
Q

Last stage capable of mitosis

A

Rubricyte (Polychromatophilic Normoblast)

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29
Q

Rubricyte N:C ratio

A

4:1

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30
Q

Cytoplasmic color of orthrochromatic normoblast/ Metarubricyte

A

Salmon pink

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31
Q

Nuclear characteristic of orthochromatic normoblast

A

Pyknotic

–> 1st stage of NO mitotic division

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32
Q

Also known as nucleated RBC / acidophilic normoblast

A

Metarubricyte

33
Q

Last erythropoietic stage with a nucleus

A

Metarubricyte

Important difference:
* last stage with a nucleolus- prorubricyte

34
Q

Envelope extruded nucleus

A

Pyrenocyte

–> eaten by macrophage

35
Q

Fragments of nucleus that may be left behind inside the RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

36
Q

What makes up the Howell Jolly bodies?

A

Nuclear fragments from RBCs

37
Q

Last precursor of the RBC

A

Reticulocyte

38
Q

Last stage of hemoglobin synthesis

A

Reticulocyte (Polychromatophilic Erythrocyte)

39
Q

Two types of reticulocytes

A

Shift cells and stress reticulocytes

40
Q

Type of reticulocyte seen in cases of increased RBC production

A

Shift cells / polychromatic macrocytic cell

41
Q

Number of erythrocytes produced from each single rubriblast

A

16

42
Q

Central pallor contains _ of the cell’s diameter

A

1/3

43
Q

Normal ratio of RBCs to WBCs

A

600:1

44
Q

Normal ratio of RBCs to platelets

A

15:1

45
Q

% of RBC membrane constituents

A

52% proteins
40% lipids
8% carbohydrates

46
Q

Primary cytoskeletal proteins of RBC membrane

A

Alpha- spectrin and beta-spectrin

47
Q

MCHC value of patients with hereditary spherocytosis

A

35-38 g/dL

* only disease characterized by high MCHC value

48
Q

Confirmatory test for hereditary spherocytosis

A

EMA binding test (eosin-5’-maleimide)

49
Q

Normal maturation time for reticulocytes in blood

A

1 day / 24 hrs

50
Q

Production of reticulocytes / day

A

50 x 10^9/L/day

51
Q

Measure of effective erythropoiesis

A

Reticulocyte count

52
Q

Immature, non-nucleates RBC which contains >/= 2 blue-stained granulofilamentous materials (reticulum)

A

Reticulocytes

53
Q

Stain that demonstrates a reticulocyte

A

Supravital stain * stains the reticulum

54
Q

Normal reference range for retic count

A

0.5-1.5%

55
Q

First sign of accelerated erythropoiesis

A

Reticulocytosis aka “Polychromatic / polychromatophilia”

56
Q

Increase in reticulocyte count:

Decrease in reticulocyte count:

A

Increase: reticulocytosis
Decrease: reticulocytopenia

57
Q

Patients condition in reticulocytopenia

A

Aplastic anemia * BM not capable of producing RBCs

58
Q

Supravital stain that is most preferred for staining reticulocytes

A

New methylene blue

59
Q

Composition of new methylene blue (give the function as well)

A
  1. Sodium oxalate - prevents coag.

2. Sodium chloride - provides isotonicity

60
Q

Name the 2 supravital stains utilized for the demonstration of reticulocytes

A
  1. New methylene blue

2. Brilliant cresyl blue

61
Q

Supravital stain that provides inconsistent staining result but is considered as an alternative to new methylene blue

A

Brilliant cresyl blue

62
Q

In the Miller disk method of reticulocyte ct, large square A is used for _

A

Large square A: counting Reticulocytes

* Small square B: counting RBCs

63
Q

Minimum no. of RBCs to be counted in the small square B of the Miller disk

A

112

64
Q

Indicative of G6PD deficiency

A

Heinz bodies

65
Q

As the cell matures, it becomes more acidic/basic?

A

BASIC

    • Nucleic acid - Acidic substance –> Basophilic
    • Hemoglobin - Basic substance –> Acidophilic
66
Q

The first stage of globin production

A

Pronormoblast

67
Q

Start of detectable hemoglobin synthesis

A

Basophilic normoblast / Prorubricyte

68
Q

The last stage capable of mitosis

A

Polychromatophilic Normoblast (Rubricyte)

69
Q

Requirement for Polychromatophilic Erythrocyte

A

NO NUCLEUS

–> but still has Ribosomes

70
Q

What produces the hemoglobin?

A

Mitochondria and Ribosomes

71
Q

Difference of reticulocyte and basophilic stippling

Both has RNA component

A

Reticulocyte
–> Supravital stain (cannot be detected by Wright’s)
Basphilic stippling / Punctate Basophilia
–> Wright’s stain –> means ABNORMAL RNA

72
Q

RNA CANNOT be stained using

A

Wright’s stain

73
Q

Prominent reticulocytes in a blood film

A

Polychromasia

74
Q

RBCs in circulation and bone marrow

A

Erythron

75
Q

RBCs in circulation ONLY

A

RBC mass

76
Q

An organ that senses the oxygen level in the blood

A

Kidneys

  • -> EPO
  • -> Burr cells
77
Q

Effects of EPO

A
  1. Early release of reticulocytes
  2. Prevents apoptotic cell death
  3. Reducing the time needed for cells to mature in BM
78
Q

Testosterone DIRECTLY stimulates Erythropoiesis while ___ hormones INDIRECTLY affects Erythropoiesis

A

Thyroid and Pituitary Hormones INDIRECTLY

79
Q

Reduced iron (without oxygen)

A

Ferrous (Fe2+)

–> Iron with oxygen –> Ferric (Fe3+)

Hematology 1 (13 decks)

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