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Hematology 1 > Erythrocytes > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Flashcards

1
Q

RBC anomaly characterized by an increased number of cells with variation in size

A

Anisocytosis

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2
Q

Normal RBC diameter

A

7-8um (seen when MCV is 80-100 fL)*

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3
Q

RBC diameter smaller than the nucleus of the small lymphocytes

A

Microcytes

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4
Q

Average volume of individual RBCs

A

MCV (Mean cell volume)

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5
Q

Reference range for MCV

A

80-100fL

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6
Q

Formula employed for the computation of MCV

A

(Hct/RBC ct. ) x 100

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7
Q

Normal RDW-CV for normocytes

A

11.5-14.5%

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8
Q

Parameters computed using the RBC histogram

A

MCV and RDW

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9
Q

Basis of anisocytosis

A

RDW (Red cell distribution width)

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10
Q

Microcytosis:

Shift to the left/right ?

A

Left

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11
Q

MCV: 62.3 fL
RDW: 12.4%

Anisocytosis / No anisocytosis?

A

No anisocytosis * because RDW is normal range (11.5-14.5%)

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12
Q

Refers to the degree of anisocytosis

A

RDW

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13
Q

Four ways of detecting anisocytosis

A
  1. PBS
  2. MCV
  3. RDW
  4. RBC Histogram
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14
Q

RBC Histogram: Shift to the right

A

Macrocytosis

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15
Q

Tests that can determine the size of the red blood cell

A

MCV, RBC Histogram

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16
Q

Variation in the normal coloration of RBCs

A

Anisochromia

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17
Q

Normal color of RBCs

A

Salmon Pink

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18
Q

Pale area at the center of RBCs

A

Central pallor * Occupies 1/3 of the diameter of the RBC

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19
Q

Central pallor of >1/3 diameter that is usually microcytic

A

Hypochromic

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20
Q

Grading of hypochromia which indicates an area of central pallor equal to 3/4 of diameter

A

3+

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21
Q

central pallor area = 2/3 of the diameter is equal to what grading?

A

2+

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22
Q

RBCs that lack central pallor

A

Hyperchromic cells

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23
Q

Increased number of red blood cells with variation in shape

A

Poikilocytosis

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24
Q

Almost spherical in shape, lacks the central pallor

A

Spherocyte

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25
Q

True / False:

Natural RBC death can result also to a spherocytic RBC

A

True

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26
Q

Increased MCHC poikilocytosis

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

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27
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis characteristics

A

Hyperchromic, microcytic

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28
Q

MCHC value in hereditary spherocytosis

A

35-38 g/dL

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29
Q

Elongated RBCs with a slit like central pallor

A

Stomatocyte aka Mouth cells

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30
Q

Most common form of stomatocytosis

A

Dehydrated stomatocytosis

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31
Q

Other term of dehydrated stomatocytosis

A

Hereditary xerocytosis

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32
Q

Difference of normal stomatocyte and hereditary xerocytosis

A

Hereditary xerocytosis have a puddled end * HX is also a stomatocyte

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33
Q

Red blood cells with irregularly spiculated surface

A

Acanthocytes (aka thorn / spur cell)

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34
Q

Absence of LDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons in the plasma

A

Abetalipoproteinemia

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35
Q

Condition that exhibits acanthocytosis

A
  • Abetalipoproteinemia , McLeod Syndrome, Pyruvate kinase deficiency
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36
Q

Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome

A

Hereditary acanthocytosis or abetalipoproteinemia

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37
Q

RBCs with regularly spiculated surface

A

Burr cells / Echinocytes

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38
Q

Pyruvate kinase deficiency may exhibit _ & _ (poikilocytosis)

A

Burr and Thorn cells

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39
Q

RBC metabolic pathway Pyruvate kinase is related to

A

Embden-meyerhof pathway

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40
Q

Egg / Oval–shaped RBCs

A

Ovalocytes

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41
Q

Type of cell exhibited in southeast asian ovalocytosis

A

Ovalocyte

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42
Q

Cigar-shaped RBCs

A

Elliptocytes

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43
Q

RBC abnormalities found in Hereditary leptocytosis

A
  1. Elliptocyte
  2. Leptocyte
  3. Dacrocytes
  4. Target cells
  • Thalassemia is also known as mediterranean anemia / hereditary leptocytosis
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44
Q

Pear/ teardrop shaped RBCs

A

Dacrocyte / Teardrop cells

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45
Q

Associated condition with dacrocytes

A
  1. Primary Myelofibrosis *

2. Megaloblastic anemia

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46
Q

Fragmented RBCs

A

Schistocytes / Schizocytes

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47
Q

Type of schistocyte present in MAHAs (Microangiopathic hemolytic anemias)

A

Helmet cells

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48
Q

Generalized over-activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

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49
Q

Kind of leukemia that may produce DIC later on

A

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

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50
Q

Sickle / crescent-shaped RBCs

A

Drepanocytes / Sickle cells

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51
Q

Two forms of drepanocytes

A
  1. Irreversible sickle cells

2. Oat-shaped cells

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52
Q

Form of drepanocyte that has crescent shape with long projections

A

Irreversible sickle cells

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53
Q

Form of drepanocyte that can revert to an original biconcave disk when reoxygenated

A

Oat -shaped cells

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54
Q

RBCs with centrally stained area and a thin outer rim of hemoglobin

A

Leptocyte / Target cell / Bull’s eye cell / Mexican hat / Codocyte

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55
Q

Stained central hemoglobin

A

Target cell

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56
Q

Another term for bite cells

A

Degmacytes

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57
Q

RBC with a semicircular defect in edge

A

Bite cells

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58
Q

Particular pathway G6PD is associated to

A

Hexose monophosphate shutn

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59
Q

Folded RBCs

A

Biscuit cell

* Found in Hb SC disease

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60
Q

Content of basophilic stipplings

A

Aggregated RNA

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61
Q

Irregular dark blue to purple granules evenly distributed within an RBC

A

Basophilic stippling / Punctate Basophilia

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62
Q

Stains used for basophilic staining

A
  1. Wright

2. Supravital

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63
Q

Clinical conditions associated with basophilic stippling

A

Lead poisoning *

also found in megaloblastic anemias, thalassemia, alcoholism, arsenic poisoning

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64
Q

Two forms of basophilic stippling

A
  1. Fine stippling

2. Coarse stippling

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65
Q

Multiple dark blue irregular granules in Prussian blue iron staining

A

Siderotic granules

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66
Q

Color of siderotic granules when stained with Wright’s stain

A

Pale blue

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67
Q

Difference pf Pappenheimer bodies and Siderotic granules

A

Pappenheimer bodies: Uses New Methylene Blue / Wright’s stain ; Siderotic granules : Uses Iron Stains

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68
Q

Fragments of pyrenocyte left inside the RBC

A

Howell-Jolly Bodies

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69
Q

Stains used for Howell-Jolly Bodies

A
  1. Wright stain
  2. New Methylene Blue (NMB)
  3. (+) Feulgen Reaction
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70
Q

Reaction of Howell-Jolly bodies in the feulgen reaction

A

+

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71
Q

Mitotic spindle remnants

A

Cabot Rings

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72
Q

Difference of Heinz and Howell-Jolly Bodies

A

Heinz bodies are situated at the periphery of the RBC, while Howell-Jolly Bodies are situated near the center of the RBC

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73
Q

Pitted Golf ball appearance

A

Hb H inclusion bodies

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74
Q

Not demonstrated by Wright’s stain

A
  1. Heinz
  2. Hemoglobin H

H= hindi nadedemonstrate nf Wright Stain (HH)

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75
Q

A complex of globin, protoporphyrin, and iron

A

Hemoglobin

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76
Q

How many O2 molecules can one hemoglobin carry?

A

4

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77
Q

Component of hemoglobin that is excreted as bilirubin

A

Protoporphyrin ring

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78
Q

RBC energy production

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

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79
Q

Shortened RBC survival

A

Hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia

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80
Q

RBC transmembrane protein for glucose

A

Glut-1

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81
Q

Net ATP of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway

A

2

  • 4 produced, 2 consumed
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82
Q

Give the metabolic pathway:

Glucose is converted to pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

A

EMP

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83
Q

Three diversion pathways

A
  1. Hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP) / Pentose phosphate shunt
  2. Methemoglobin reductase pathway
  3. Rapoport-Luebering pathway
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84
Q

Give the metabolic pathway:

Diverts glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to g-phosphogluconate (6-PG) by the action of G6PD

A

HMP

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85
Q

Give the metabolic pathway:

NADP is converted to NADPH (reduced form)

A

HMP

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86
Q

Most common inherited RBC enzyme deficiency

A

G6PD deficiency

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87
Q

Anemia that results from G6PD deficiency

A

Hereditary nonspherocytic anemia

  • G6PD –> NADPH –> GSH

GSH = reduced glutathione from GSSG oxidized glutathione. Aid of G6PD removes oxidation

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88
Q

Oxidizes heme iron from the ferrous (2+) to the ferric state

A

Peroxide

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89
Q

Ferric state of hemoglobin

A

Methemoglobin

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90
Q

Another name for methemoglobin reductase

A

Cytochrome b5 reductase

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91
Q

Reduces methemoglobin

A

NADPH with the aid of Methemoglobin reductase

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92
Q

A shunt that generates 2,3-BPG or 2,3-DPG

A

Rapoport-Luebering Pathway

  • BPG=bisphosphoglycerate
  • DPG=diphosphoglycerate
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93
Q

Enzyme that diverts 1,3-BPG to 2,3-BPG

A

Bisphosphoglycerate mutase

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94
Q

Diameter of normal RBCs

A

7-8 um

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95
Q

The average surface area of RBCs

A

140 um

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96
Q

Normal MCHC (mean cell hemoglobin concentration)

A

32-36%

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97
Q

MCHC signifies an increase in the internal _

A

Viscosity

^ Hb = ^ viscous

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98
Q

True/ False

MCHCs greater than 36% shorten the RBC lifespan because viscous cells become damaged as they stretch to pass through narrow capillaries or splenic pores

A

True

  • Seen in cases of hereditary spherocytosis
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99
Q

Confers to the tensile strength of the RBC lipid bilayer

A

Cholesterol

  • ^ cholesterol = ^ strength BUT loses elesticitiy
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100
Q

RBC membrane component which bear the blood group antigens such as the BH and the Lewis blood group systems

A

Glycolipids (sugar-bearing lipids)

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101
Q

Effect of the disruption in the transport protein function

A

Osmotic tension of the cytoplasm (results to high viscosity and loss of deformability)

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102
Q

Functions of transmembrane proteins

A
  1. Transport
  2. Adhesion
  3. Signal
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103
Q

Principal cytoskeletal protein of the RBC

A

beta and alpha spectrin

  • forms an antiparallel heterodimer (tetramer)
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104
Q

Stability of RBC Membrane

A

Horizonal / lateral membrane stability

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105
Q

Other name for cytoskeletal proteins

A

Peripheral proteins ( bec. they do NOT penetrate the bilayer)

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106
Q

RBC Impermeable cations

A

Na+, K+, and Ca+

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107
Q

RBC permeable ions

A

water, bicarbonate (HCO3-) , and Chloride (Cl-)

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108
Q

Associated disease linked with the decrease in aquaporin 1

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

109
Q

95% of the cytoplasmic content of RBCs

A

Hemoglobin

110
Q

Normal concentration of hemoglobin with the RBCs

A

34 g/dL

  • MW= 64,000 Daltons
111
Q

Component of the heme that reversibly combine with one oxygen molecule

A

Ferrous iron (Fe2+)

  • Once ferrous is oxidized to ferric, it can no longer bind to oxygen
112
Q

Heme ring of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen

A

Protoporphyrin IX

113
Q

Oxidized hemoglobin

A

Methemoglobin

114
Q

Predominant Adult hemoglobin

A

HbA1

115
Q

Globin composition of HbA

A

2Alpha, 2Beta

116
Q

Most characterized of the glycated hemoglobins

A

HbA1c

117
Q

Site of heme synthesis

A

Mitochondria

*through condensation of glycine & succinyl coA

118
Q

Final step of heme production

A

Ferrous iron combines with protoporphyrin IX in the presence of ferrochelatase (heme synthase) to make a heme

119
Q

Plasma protein that carries iron in the ferric state

A

Transferrin

120
Q

In the human genome, there is one copy of each globin gene per chromatid EXCEPT

A

Alpha and gamma globin genes

121
Q

Highest affinity for beta chain

A

Alpha chain

  • Alpha = pos. charge ; beta= positive neg.
122
Q

Two alpha and two delta chains

A

HbA2

123
Q

Major hemoglobin present from _ months of age until adulthood

A

HbA1; 6 months

* (<3.5% of total hb)

124
Q

Two alpha and two gamma chains

A

HbF (present in 1-2% of total hb)

125
Q

Volume of oxygen bound by each gram of hemoglobin

A

1.34 mL

126
Q

Reference interval for arterial oxygen saturation

A

96%

127
Q

State when the hemoglobin tetramer is fully oxygenated

A

R state (relaxed)

128
Q

Lower pH reduces/increases the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen

A

Reduces

* Hemoglobin readily releases oxygen more

129
Q

A shift in the curve because of a change in pH / hydrogen ion concentration

A

Bohr effect

130
Q

Which has a higher affinity to oxygen?

a. myoglobin
b. hemoglobin

A

Myoglobin

131
Q

RBC enzyme which facilitates the diffusion of CO2 into the RBC and combine with water to form carbonic acid

A

Carbonic anhydrase

132
Q

Secreted by vascular endothelial cells and causes relaxation of the vascular wall smooth muscle and vasolidation

A

Nitric oxide

133
Q

Three types of dyshemoglobins

A
  1. Methemoglobin
  2. Carboxyhemoglobin
  3. Sulfhemoglobin
134
Q

Dysfunctional hemoglobins that are unable to transport oxygen

A

Dyshemoglobins

135
Q

Type of hemoglobin formed by the reversible oxidation of heme iron to the ferric state

A

Methemoglobin

136
Q

Methemoglobin:

Reversible / Irreversible

A

Reversible

137
Q

Give the predominant methemoglobin reduction system

A

NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3 / NADH-methemoglobin reductase

138
Q

<25% methemoglobin level

A

Asymptomatic

139
Q

> 30% methemoglobin level

A

Cyanosis & symptoms of hypoxia

140
Q

> 50% methemoglobin level

A

coma / death

141
Q

Increase in methemoglobin

A

Methemoglobinemia

142
Q

Other name for acquired methemoglobinemia

A

Toxic methemoglobinemia (individuals exposed to an exogenous oxidant)

143
Q

Administered to patients with toxic methemoglobinemia

A

Intravenous methylene blue

  • Met.blue reduces ferric to ferrous
144
Q

Common enzyme affected in hereditary methemoglobinemia

A

NADHY-CYB5R3 (cytochrome b5 reductase 3)

*this enzyme reduces ferric to ferrous / reverts methem to normal

145
Q

Hb M

A

Homozygous cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency

146
Q

Absorption peak of methemoglobin

A

630 nm.

147
Q

High levels of methemoglobin color

A

chocolate brown

  • does not revert back to red color after oxygen exposure
148
Q

Irreversible oxidation of hemoglobin by drugs or exposure of sulfur chemicals in industrial/ environmental settings

A

Sulfhemoglobin

149
Q

Results from the combination of CO with heme iron

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

150
Q

Affinity of CO for hemoglobin

A

240x greater than oxygen

151
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin level of smokers

A

15% (approx)
* As a result, smokers may have a higher hematocrit and polycythemia to compensate for hypoxia.

*Polycythemia - increased no. of RBCs

152
Q

Spectral absorption of carboxyhemoglobin

A

540 nm

153
Q

Color of the blood in carboxyhemoglobin

A

cherry red

154
Q

Reference method for hemoglobin assay

A

Cyanmethemoglobin method

155
Q

Normal distribution of hemoglobins in health adults

A

> 95% HbA, <3.5% Hb A2, 1-2% HbF

156
Q

Three compartments of iron distribution

A
  1. Functional compartment
  2. Storage compartment
  3. Transport compartment
157
Q

Reaction wherein iron reacts with peroxide

A

Fenton reaction

*peroxide=heme oxidizer

158
Q

Iron storage of protein that mainly functions within the cell

A

Ferritin

159
Q

Accumulates in red blood when iron is not incorporated in the heme and zinc binds to protoporphyrin IX instead

A

Zinc protoporphyrin

160
Q

Anatomic sites of the functional compartment of iron

A

Hemoglobin in the blood ; Myoglobin in the plasma

161
Q

Form and anatomic site of the storage compartment of iron

A

Ferritin and hemosiderin in macrophages and hepatocytes

162
Q

Form of transfer compartment of iron

A

Transferrin

163
Q

All cells can store iron except

A

Erythrocytes

164
Q

Cage-like protein where ferric iron is stored

A

Apoferritin

165
Q

Partially degraded ferritin

A

Hemosiderin

*Less metabolically available than ferritin

166
Q

A dietary hormone that reduces ionic iron in the ferric form to ferrous before it can enter the enterocyte

A

Duodenal cytochrome b (dcytb)

167
Q

A protein able to bind to ferroportin, leading to the inactivation of ferroportin

A

Hepcidin

  • There will be an increased hepcidin production when the hepatocytes sense that there are adequate stores of iron
168
Q

Protein that exports ferrous iron into the blood (true absorption)

A

Ferroportin

169
Q

Only known protein that exports iron across in cell membranes

A

Ferroportin

170
Q

A protein that is able to oxidize iron as it exits the enterocyte

A

Hephaestin

171
Q

Once iron is oxidized by hephaestin, it is ready for plasma transport carried by _

A

Apotransferrin

*Once iron binds, the molecule is known as transferrin

172
Q

A gene that is EPO responsive, and reduces hepcidin production and increases iron absorption in the small intestine

A

Erythroferrone

173
Q

A cell receptor that has the highest affinity for differic transferrin

A

Tfr1 (transferrin receptor 1)

174
Q

Plasma proteins that salvage plasma hemoglobin

A

Haptoglobin and Hemopexin

Haptoglobin receptor=macrophages; hemopexin receptor=hepatocytes

175
Q

Luminal membrane carrier of ferrous iron in the enterocyte

A

DMT1 (divalent metal transporter 1)

176
Q

RBC transmembrane / Integral protein(s) that are related to blood antigens

A
  1. Duffy
  2. Kell
  3. Kidd
  4. Rh
  5. RhAG
177
Q

Most sensitive and specific test to diagnose hereditary spherocytosis

A

EMA binding test (eosin-5’-maleimide)

178
Q

A measure of effective erythropoiesis

A

Reticulocyte count

179
Q

Increased reticulocytes

A

Polychromasia

180
Q

The first sign of accelerated erythropoiesis and hemolytic anemias

A

Reticulocytosis / Polychromasia

181
Q

Normal maturation time for leukocytes

A

1 day

182
Q

Production of leukocytes

A

50 x 10^9/L/day

183
Q

What makes up a reticulum?

A

RNA remnants

  • reticulum is made up of RNA remnants not the nucleus. Reticulocytes are already anucleated
184
Q

Decreased reticulocyte count

A

Reticulocytopenia

185
Q

True / False

Using a wright stain, you can see the reticulum of the reticulocytes

A

False. Only supravital stain can stain the reticulum

186
Q

Normal values for adult and newborn reticulocyte count

A

Adult: 0.5-1.5%
Newborns: 1.8-5.8% (by 1st two weeks)

187
Q

Name of reticulocyte when wright stain is used

A

Polychromatophilic erythrocyte / diffusely basophilic erythrocyte

188
Q

Hereditary membrane defect concerning membrane structure

A
  1. Hereditary spherocytosis
  2. Hereditory elliptocytosis
  3. Hereditary ovalocytosis
189
Q

Most preferred supravital stain for reticulocytes

A

New Methylene Blue

  • consists of sodium oxalate and sodium chloride
190
Q

Alternative supravital stain for reticulocytes when new methylene blue is unavailable

A

Brilliant cresyl blue

  • Composed of so. citrate and sod. chloride
191
Q

True / False:

Reticulocytes are not counted in the total RBC count

A

False. Reticulocytes are counted in the total RBC count

192
Q

Give the formula for the computation of reticulocytes using standard light microscope

A

Retic%= (No. of retics. observed / 1,000 RBCs) *100

193
Q

The total magnification of OIO

A

1000x

194
Q

Minimum no. of RBCs counted in the small square (B) of the calibrated miller disk method

A

112 RBCs

195
Q

Give the formula for the computation of reticulocytes using the calibrated miller disk method

A

Retic%= (No. of retics. in square A / No. of retics in square B*9 ) *100

196
Q

The most rapid accurate and precise method for reticulocyte count

A

Flow cytometry

197
Q

Method of counting retics. wherein retics are counted on the basis of optical scatter of fluorescence

A

Flow cytometry

198
Q

Degree of difference in the counting results of reticulocytes

A

Within 20%

199
Q

Sysmex R-3500 uses what specific supravital fluorescent stain for reticulocytes?

A

Auramine-o

200
Q

True/ False

A reticulocyte is considered as a reticulocyte and an erythrocyte in the retic. count using the light microscope method

A

True

Kasma yung retic sa 1,000 RBCs na immeasure.

201
Q

Sum of the middle-fluorescence and high-fluorescence ratios

A

Immature Reticulocyte Fraction (IRF)

  • middle-high fluorescence = early indication of erythropoiesis (youngest= higher RNA content = more fluorescence)
202
Q

IRF and ARF value of chronic renal disease

A

Low

  • kidneys produce EPO. chronic renal disease halts the production of EPO (kasi nga destroyed na siya), therefore there is NO stimulus in the BM to produce RBCs
203
Q

Another name for the corrected reticulocyte count

A

Reticulocyte index / Hematocrit Correction / Poor Man’s Bone Marrow Aspirate

204
Q

When to consider using a corrected reticulocyte count?

A

When RBC values are low

in order to quantitate retics, you must also count the RBC

205
Q

Pyruvate kinase deficiency is the most common form of what anemia

A

Hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia

206
Q

Possible PBS finding of PK deficiency

A

Acanthocytes & ecchinocytes

207
Q

Deficiency related to emblem meyerhof pathway

A

PK deficiency

208
Q

Recommended screening test for PK deficiency

A

PK fluorescent spot test

209
Q

Confirmatory test for PK deficiency

A

Quantitative PK assay

210
Q

Pathway which aerobically converts glucose to pentose and produces NADPH

A

Hexose monophosphate shunt

211
Q

RBC parameters that are elevated in people living at higher altitudes

A

RBC count, hematocrit, hemoglobin

1g Hb/dL at 2 km or
2g hb/dL at 3 km

212
Q

Type of G6PD deficiency associated with the fava beans

A

Type II G6PD Deficiency (specifically the G6PD-Mediterranean variant)

213
Q

Shift to the left oxygen dissociation curve

A

Increased Affinity

^pH = ^O2 affinity

214
Q

Primary molecule responsible for the release of O2 to the tissues

A

2,3-BPG

215
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Oxygen dissociation curve: SHIFT to the RIGHT

pH: _
pCO2: _
2,3-BPG: _
Temperature: _

A

pH: dec.
pCO2: inc.
2,3-BPG: inc.
Temperature: inc.

  • inc=increase; dec=decrease
216
Q

More 2,3-BPG

A

More oxygen released to the tissues

217
Q

Binding of O2 to the hemoglobin which promotes the release of CO2

A

Haldane effect

218
Q

4 constituents of the hemoglobin

A
  1. 2,3-BPG
  2. Globin
  3. Protoporphyrin IX
  4. Ferrous iron
219
Q

Ferrous + Protoporphyrin

A

Heme molecule

220
Q

Globin chains with only 141 amino acids

A

Alpha and Zeta

  • the rest have 146 AAs
221
Q

Difference of Gamma A and Gamma G

A

136th position in the AAs is Alanine (Gamma A) and Glycine (Gamma G)

222
Q

The best, and widely used hemoglobin determination method

A

Cyanmethemoglobin

223
Q

Reagent for cyanmethemoglobin method

A

Drabkin’s reagent

224
Q

Drabkin reagent component which converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin

A

Potassium ferricyanide

*potassium cyanide converts methem. to cyanmeth.

225
Q

Fastest hemoglobin in cellulose acetate electrophoresis

A

HbH

226
Q

pH of buffer in cellulose acetate electrophoresis

A

Alkaline environment (8.4-8.6 pH)

227
Q

Net charge of hemoglobin in cellulose acetate electrophoresis

A

Negative —> will go to the Anode (+)

228
Q

Fastest hemoglobin found in normal individuals in cellulose acetate electrophoresis

A

HbA1

229
Q

2nd most fastest in cellulose acetate electrophoresis

A

HbF

230
Q

Method used to confirm variant hemoglobins and further differentiates Hb S, D, G and Hb C from Hb E, O(Arab), and C(Harlem)

A

Citrate Agar

231
Q

pH buffer of citrate agar

A

Acidic environment (6.0-6.2 pH)

232
Q

Slowest hemoglobins in electrophoresis

A

C, A2, E, C (Harlem) , O(Arab)

233
Q

True / False

HbS, D and G migrate to the same area at the cellulose acetate electrophoresis

A

True

234
Q

Complementary procedure to cellulose acetate Hb electrophoresis

A

Citrate Agar Electrophoresis

235
Q

Site of heme synthesis

A

Mitochondria

236
Q

Other name for ferroprotoporphyrin IX

A

Heme

237
Q

Other name of ferrochelatase

A

Heme synthetase

238
Q

Master regulatory hormone for systemic iron metabolism

A

Hepcidin

239
Q

Enzyme that inactivates ferroportin

A

Hepcidin

240
Q

Site of hepcidin production

A

Liver

241
Q

Protein affected by increased hepcidin production

A

Ferroportin

242
Q

Protein that transports iron from the tissues to the blood

A

Ferroportin

243
Q

True/ False

Iron is normally excreted

A

False. Iron is recycled

244
Q

Site of maximal iron absorption

A

Duodenum and upper jejunum

245
Q

Enhances the reduction of ferric to ferrous form in intestinal absorption

A

Duodenal Cytochrome B (DcytB)

*acidic food and gastric acid

246
Q

Reoxidizes ferrous into ferric

A

Hephaestin

247
Q

Transport protein of iron in the blood

A

Apotransferrin

248
Q

Abnormal form of stored iron (iron overload)

A

Hemosiderin

249
Q

Binds free hemoglobin

A

Haptoglobin

250
Q

Binds free heme

A

Hemopexin

251
Q

Most sensitive test for IDA

A

Serum ferritin

252
Q

Other name for hemochromatosis

A

Bronze diabetes

253
Q

Increased tissue iron stores without tissue damage

A

Hemosiderosis

254
Q

Increased tissue iron stores with tissue damage

A

Hemochromatosis

255
Q

Site of globin synthesis

A

Ribosomes

256
Q

Chromosome that dictates the production of Alpha and Zeta

A

Chromosome 16 – 141 chromosomes

a and z

257
Q

Chromosome that dictates the production of Beta, Epsilon, Delta and Gama

A

Chromosome 11 – 146 chromosomes

258
Q

Adult hemoglobins

A

HbA1
HbA2
HbF

259
Q

BFU-E > CFU-E > Pronormoblast

A

Erythropoiesis

260
Q

Range of mature RBCs from a single pronormoblast

A

8-32 (Rodak’s)

261
Q

How many mature RBCs can be produced by a single pronormoblast

A

16

262
Q

Basis of N:C ratio

A

Nucleus

  • -> means that if the Nucleus increases, the ratio increases
  • -> if cytoplasm increases, ratio decreases
263
Q

How many heme groups and how many globin (polypeptides) molecules are in hemoglobin

A

4 HEME and 4 POLYPEPTIDE / GLOBIN GROUPS

264
Q

Heme - mitochondia

Globin - _

A

Ribosomes

265
Q

Which of the ff. forms of Hgb molecule has the LOWEST affinity for oxygen

a. Tensed
b. Relaxed

A

Tensed

Tensed–> No O2 (Low affinity for O2)
Relaxed –> With O2 (High affinity for O2)

266
Q

Wavelengths for dyshemoglobins

A
  1. Carboxyhemoglobin - 540 nm
  2. Methemoglobin - 630 nm
  3. Sulfhemoglobin - 630 nm
267
Q

Colors of dyshemoglobins

A
  1. Carboxyhemoglobin - cherry red
  2. Methemoglobin - chocolate brown
  3. Sulfhemoglobin - mauve lavender */ green
    - ———–> Bursa of Fabricius of birds
268
Q

What type of iron is absorbed in our intestines?

A

Ferrous (2+)

Hematology 1 (13 decks)

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