ERGO Q1 (Prelim M1-M3) Flashcards
Studies COGNITION IN WORK and OPERATIONAL SETTINGS in order TO OPTIMIZE human well-being and system performance
Cognitive Ergonomics
is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they AFFECT interactions among humans and other elements of a SYSTEM
Cognitive Ergonomics
the scientific study and body of knowledge of human abilities, limitations, and characteristics for the appropriate design of living and work environments.
Ergonomics
Ergonomics has existed as a profession for over 50 years, helping people to succeed in their jobs by means such as: (Cite 4)
– Reducing HUMAN ERROR in the system performance
– Reducing HAZARDS to individuals in the work environment
– improving SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
– Improve QUALITY OF LIFE
Economic advantages of Ergo and Human factors (Cite 5)
– Minimize fatigue and overexertion
– Minimizing Absenteeism and labor turnover
– Improving quality and quantity of output
– Eliminating / Minimize Injuries, strains, and sprains
– Minimizing LOST TIME AND COSTS associated w/ injuries and accidents
Why learn Human Factors and Ergonomics??
– For economic advantages
– For progress in knowledge and Technology
– For moral imperative
SCIENTIFIC STUDY about the Structure of organisms (including its appearance and positions)
Anatomy
SCIENTIFIC STUDY of how the human body FUNCTIONS. This includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, from organs to the cells of which they are composed.
Physiology
SCIENTIFIC STUDY of the way the human mind works and how it influences BEHAVIOUR, or the influence of a particular person’s character on his or her own behavior.
PSYCHOLOGY
is concerned with MENTAL PROCESSES, such as PERCEPTION, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect INTERACTIONS among humans and other elements of a SYSTEMS.
Cognitive ergonomics
Give 7 relevant topic related to human system design
– Human Reliability
– Human-Computer interaction
– Skilled Performance
– Decision making
– Training
– Mental Workload
– Work Stress
The field of Cognitive ergonomics emerged predominantly in the ______ with the advent of personal computers and new developments in the fields ___________ and __________
– 1970s
– Cognitive Psychology
– Artificial Intelligence
TRUE OR FALSE:
Psychology is the application of Cognitive Ergonomics to achieve optimization between people and their work
FALSE. must be “Cognitive ergonomics IS THE APPLICATION of Psychology.” baliktad kasi eh
TRUE OR FALSE:
Cognitive Ergonomics is considered as applied science over the last 20 years
FALSE:
must be over the last 27 years.
Note for memory. Cogni ergo is an applied science
___________ was one of the pioneers of “interactive systems engineering”, and advocated the notion of “user-centered designs”
Enid Mumford
[ISE UCD]
There are 2 criterias for developing user centered design.
– Task analysis (Is the evaluation of cognitive task demands}
– Analyzing motor control cognition during visual tasks (operating machinery attention evaluation)
True or False.
Cognitive ergonomics is a division of ergonomics (human factors), a discipline and practice that aims to ensure appropriate interaction between work, product and environment, and human needs, capabilities, and limitations.
True
________ is a cognitive approach that is often equated with contemporary cognitive psychology
Human information processing model
_________ for particular tasks describe the flow of information through the various stages and predict response times, error rates, error types, and other aspects of human performance.
Information processing models
___________ refers to the cognitive limitations of consumers
Bounded rationality
According to the bounded rationality, we make suboptimal decisions due to 3 factors:
which are?
– Cognitive limitations (Like self)
– Imperfect information (Sir ong)
– Time constraints (deadlines)
True or False: When faced with simple choices, consumers may opt to “satisfice” instead of spending time and effort analyzing the situation – leading to a sub-optimal choice.
FALSE. must be faced with COMPLEX CHOICES. not SIMPLE
_____ refers to our inability as
humans to process information in an optimal manner. In other words, we are unable to consider all available factors in our decision making.
Cognitive limitations
____ refers to the LACK of information a consumer has. Not many consumers likely to spend hours researching what it is and how it affects the performance of their decisions.
Information Imperfections
______contricts our ability to process and anlyze a situation and come to an optimal decision
Time constraint
Theory of Bounded rationality is devloped in what year?
- Simon
Summarize Theory of Bounded Rationality
- Cant optimize decision making
- Satisfaction over perfection
- Lack of info
- limited memory storage
- cant oresee all the possible effects of options
- follow heuristics rather than algorithims
True or false: the Theory of Bounded Rationality describes following algorithms rather than heuristics
FALSE FALSE FALSE.
Heuro over algo ang finofollow. which is not ideal, but describes theory of bounded rationality
Theory of human error is developed by _____ during _____
– By Reason (last name niya toh)
– 1990
_____ describes an (in) action that was not intended / desired by a set of rules or an external observer / that led the task or system outside its acceptable limits
- di sinasadya, di katanggap tanggap di sapat
Human error
Describe Slip, Lapse, and Mistake.
Slip - Attentional Failures (e.g. nagmura sa harap ng prof)
- Lapse - Memory failures
- Mistake - Rule based / Knowledge based mistakes (wrong answers in tests)
Aims to enhance HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION by using neural correlates to better understand situational task demadns
Neuroergonomics
_________ is an emerging field that investigates the human brain in relation to behavioural performance in NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS and everyday settings
Neuroergonomics
True or False (With identification hehe)
Neuroergonomics is summarized by ________ “sci study of brain mechanism and psychological and physical function of humans in relation to TECHNOLOGY, WORK, AND ENVIRONMENT”
Raja Parasuraman
True true true
Cite 3 application of Cogni ergonomics
– Designing a software interface to be EASY TO USE
– Designing icons and VISUAL CUES so that majority of people will understand and ACT in the intended manner
– Design an airplane cockpit or nuclear powerplant control system so that the operators WILL NOT MAKE CATASTHROPIC ERRORS
In Physical Ergonomics. “The job fits the man”
what is Cogni Ergonmics?
“Mind is as confortable at work as the body”
True or false. If the physical surroundings reflect and support their natural cognitive tendencies, there will be more errors and performance & productivity – negative boost
FALSE.
If physical reflect cogni tendencies. LESS ERRORS AND MORE POSITIVE BOOSY IN PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
Indicates different types of _____________—- the mental processes/ functions scuh as perception, attention, and memory, which is what the mind creates.
Cognition
True or false. The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. This indicates how our mind operates, creating representations, and its functions, enabling us to act and to achieve goals
TRUE
____ is the study of mental processes, which includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and HOW IT OPERATES.
Cognitive psychology
2 questions
Who created an experiment to determine HOW LONG IT TAKES for a person to MAKE A DECISION?
It is determined by measuring what?
– Donders (WITH S) (1868)
– reaction time
Describes how long it takes to respond to the presentation of the stimulus.
Reaction time
How was donder’s experiment done? (explain in detail)
By measuring “Simple reaction time” and “Choice reaction time”
Simple reaction time – asking participants to push a button as rapidly as possible when that saw a light goon (no need to think)
Choice reaction time - using 2 lights and asking participants to push the left button when they saw the left lighT, the push right when they saw the right light go on
This is to determine how much time it takes for a person to DECIDE WHICH TO PUSH (WHICH KEY TO PUSH) during Choice reaction time
Donders concluded in the experiment that the decision-making process took ___________________( how long?)
one-tenth of a second
_________ experiment is important because it was one of the first cognitive psychology experiments and because it illustrates something extremely significant about studying the mind. (Mental responses cannot be measured directly but must be inferred from behaviour
Donders’s experiment
What is the formula of time to make a decision?
Choice reaction - simlple reaction time = time for decision making
Who establish “STRUCTURALISM” and during when?
He also founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology
– Willhelm Wundt (Substantial contribution)
– 1879 (11 years after donders’s experiment
According to _______, our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experiment called __________.
– Structuralism
– Sensations
Wundt wanted to create a _______________, which would include all the basic SENSATIONS involved in creating experience.
PERIODIC TABLE of the MIND
Wundt thought he could achieve a science description of the components of experience using _____________, a technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli
Analytic Introspection
________ was interested in determining the nature of memory and forgetting - specifically, how rapidly information that is learned and lost overtime. developing a quantitative method for measuring memory.
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885’1913)
How was Ebbinghaus experiment done?
He himslef is the responded. he repeated list of 13 nonsense syllables at a constant rate . His objective Is to determine number of repititions necessary to repeat list without errors
True or false:
Long break intervals = fewer repetitions necessary to relearn list of nonsense syllables (in ebbinghaus’s experiment)
FALSE
short break intervals = fewer repitions necessary.
Ebbing hause used a measure called ______, to determine how much was forgotten after a particular delay?
What is the formula??
- Savings
- Formula: Savings = Original time to learn first - Time to relearn list after delay
The decrease in savings (remembering) with increasing delays indicates that forgetting occurs rapidly over the ________ and then occurs more _______ (Slowly or fastly?) after that.
– first 2 days
– Slowly
Fogetting occurs rapidly in the first 1 to 2 days after orignila learning
___________ one of the early american psychologists (not a student of wundt) taught harvard’s first psychology cource and made significant observations about the mind in his textbook, PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY.
When?
William James (1890)
How was william james’s Principles of psychology observed/studied?
develop observations based on the functions of his own mind, not experiments.
____________ considered many topics in cognition, including thinking, consciousness, attention, memory, perception, imagination, and reasoning.
Principles of psychology
– Donders (year, their procedure, and contribution?)
– Wundt (year, their procedure, and contribution?)
– Ebbinghaus (year, their procedure, and contribution?)
– James (year, their procedure, and contribution?)
– 1868, simple vs coice reaction time, first cogni psycho experiment
– 1879 (11 years later), analytic introspection, first lab of scientific psych
– 1885, (6 years), savings method to measure forgetting, one of the first quantitative measure of mental processes
– 1890 (5 years later), Only observations in own mind, first psych textbook
Watson proposed a new approach called ___________. to eliminate the mind as a topic of study to directly obeserve behaviour. (1913, 23 years later))
Behaviorism
NO LETTER U
_____ AND _____ performed the “little albert” experiment assoicated with __________.
Inspired by whos experiment?
— Watson an Rosalie
— Classical Conditioning
— Pavlov’s experiment
_________describes how pairing one stimulus with another previously neutral stimulus causes changes in the response to the neutral stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
Skinner provided another tool for studying the relationship between ____ and _______, thus introducing __________. (1938, 25 YEARS LATER)
— Stimulus and response.
— Operant conditioning
__________ focused how behaviour is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers such as rewards and punishments
Operant conditioning
True or false:
Rewarded behaviour are less likly repeated, while punished behaviour are more likely repeated
False.
_________ (1938) trained rats to find food in four armed maze, creating a ________________
— Tolman
— Cognitive map
________ is the controversy over language acquisition
the decline of behaviorism
_________ (1957) argued children learn language through ________. (Verbal Behaviour)
– children imitate the speech they hear
– correct speech is rewarded
– Skinner
– Operant Conditioning
__________ (1959) argued that children do not only learn language through imitation and reinforcement
Chomsky
To understand complex cognitive behaviors: (Cite 3)
– Measure observable behavior
– Consider what his behavior says about how the mind works
– make inferences about underlying cognitive activity
____________ shift from behaviorist’s stimulus-response relationships to an approach that attempts to explain behavior in temrs of the mind
Information Processing
it is a way to study the mind based on insights associated with the digital computer. It also states that operation of the mind occurs in STAGES
Information processing approach
______ (1953) built on James’s idea of attention.
– present message A in left ear and message B in right ear. subjects understand details of message A despite also hearing message B.
Cherry
_________ (1958) developed flow diagram to show what occurs as a person direct attention to one stimulus
Broadbent
It is making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving.
Artificial intelligence
Newell and Simon created the _________ that could create proofs of mathematical theorems involving logic principles
Logic theorist program
___________ studies behavior of people with brain damage.
___________ studies electrical responses of the nervous system including brain neurons
Neuropsychology
Electrophysiology
2 technologies for brain imaging where
– both technologies show which brain areas are active during specific episodes of cognition
Brain imaging
– Positron emission tomography (PET)
– functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
_____ and ______ (1968) developed a three-stage model of memory
What the those three stages
Arkinson and Shiffrin
▪ sensory memory (less than 1 second)
▪ short term memory (a few seconds, limited capacity)
▪ long-term memory (long duration, high capacity)
Fill in the blanks
▪ sensory memory (less than ___ second/s)
▪ short term memory (____ seconds, ________ capacity)
▪ long-term memory (______ duration, _____ capacity)
- 1
- A few, short
- long, high
Full Attention
One of the largest and most complex
organs in the human body
Brain
The brain is made up of more than ______ nerves that
communicate in trillions of connections called
______.
- 100 BILLION
- synapses
_____ is the outermost layer of brain cells. Thinking and voluntary movements begin in here
Cortex
is between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain. Basic functions like BREATHING and SLEEP are controlled here.
Brain Stem
are a cluster of structures in the center of the brain. It coordinates messages between
multiple other brain areas.
Basal ganglia
is at the BASE and the back of the brain. The _____ is responsible for coordination and balance
Cerebellum
4 lobes of the brain
Frontal lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
are responsible for problem solving and judgment and motor function.
Frontal Lobe
manage sensation, handwriting,
and body position.
parietal lobes
are involved with memory and
hearing
Temporal Lobes
contain the brain’s visual processing system.
Occipital lobes
The brain is surrounded by a layer of tissue called _______
Meninges
The ______ helps protect the brain from injury
Skull
The study of the physiological basis of cognition. the biological processes that underlie human cognition, especially regarding the relation between BRAIN STRUCTURES, activity and cognitive functions.
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF COGNI NEUROSCIENCE
Determine how the brain functions and achieves performance
Cognitive neuroscience is considered as a branch of both ___ and _____ because it combines the biological sciences with the behavioral sciences, such as psychiatry and psychology.
psychology and neuroscience
_________ is an example of a biological process that influences cognition
Decision making
The role of __________ , a neurotransmitter associated with FEELINGS of satisfaction, brain function, and decision making.
Dopamine
______ plays a role in how we feel pleasure. It’s a big part of our unique human ability to think and plan. It helps us strive, focus, and find things interesting.
dopamine
When we make a decision that results in a reward, the activity level of dopamine neurons ________ (increase or decrease?) —and eventually this response happens even in anticipation of a reward.
increase
It refers to the idea that a topic can be studied in a number of different ways, with each approach contributing its own dimension to our understanding
Levels of Analysis
True or Flase: We examine topics of interest from a single perspective;
False. DO NOT
we look at them from multiple angles and different points of
view.
The ________ is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to TRANSMIT INFORMATION to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells.
Neurons
Each neuron has 3 parts, which is:
cell body, an axon, and dendrites
The _______ contains the nucleus and cytoplasm of neurons. It
contains mechanisms to keep cells alive.
Cell body
The ________ extends from the cell body and often gives rise to
many smaller branches before ending at nerve terminals, which receive information from other neurons
Axon
_______ are tube filled with fluid that TRANSMITS electrical
SIGNAL to other neurons.
dendrites
When they viewed this stained tissue (on brains)
under a microscope, they saw a network they called a _______
nerve net
Nerve net allows for almost nonstop continous communication. true or flase?
True
was using two techniques to investigate the nature of the nerve net. Establishing Neuron doctrine
Ramon y Cajal
This property of the newborn brain, combined with the fact
that the Golgi stain affects less than _______ of the
neurons, made it possible for Cajal to clearly see that
the nerve net was not continuous but was instead made
up of _____________
— 1%
— individual units connected
Individual nerve cells transmit signals and are not
continuously linked with other cells. Concept is called ______
Neuron doctrine
________ was able to record electrical signals from single sensory neurons, using _______
— Edgar Adrian
— Microelectrodes
small shafts of hollow glass filled with a conductive salt solution that can pick up electrical signals at the electrode tip and conduct these signals back to a recording device
Microelectrodes
There are two electrodes: a ________, shown with its RECORDING tip inside the neuron,
and a _________, located some distance away so it is not affected by the electrical signals.
The difference between them is fed into a computer and displayed on the computer’s screen.
— Recording electrode
— reference electrode
Reading comprehension w/ slight fill in the blank
Recording an action potential as it travels down an axon.
(a) When the nerve is at rest, there is a difference in
charge, called the resting potential, of _________ between the inside and outside of the axon. The difference in charge between the recording and reference electrodes is fed into a computer and displayed on a computer monitor. This difference in charge is displayed on the right. (b) As the nerve impulse, indicated by the red band, passes the electrode, the inside of the fiber near the electrode becomes more positive. (c) As the nerve impulse moves past the electrode, the charge in the fiber becomes more negative. (d) Eventually the neuron returns to its resting state.
−70 millivolts (mV)
(a) This value, which stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron, is called the ________. In other words, the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 mV more negative
than the outside, and this difference continues as long as the neuron is at rest.
resting potential
Shows what happens when the neuron’s receptor is stimulated so that a _________ is transmitted down the axon. As the impulse passes the recording electrode, the charge inside the axon rises to_________ compared to the outside
nerve impulse
+ 40 millivolts,
As the impulse continues past the electrode, the charge inside the fiber reverses course and starts becoming negative again, until it returns to the resting potential. This impulse, which is called the ______, lasts about ________
– action potential
– 1 millisecond (1/1000 of a
second).
(a) Early work on neural representation and cognition focused on recording from single neurons in the visual cortex, where
“signals first arrive at the cortex”.
(b) Researchers then began to explore other places in the brain and found that “visual stimulation” causes activity that is distributed across many areas of the cortex.
(c) Recent work has focused on looking at how these distributed areas are connected by neural networks and how activity flows in these networks. Note that, except for the visual area in (a), the locations of the areas in this figure do not represent the locations of actual areas. They are for illustrative purposes only.
noted
_______ and _______ research with visual
stimuli among cats.
David Hubel and Thorsten Wiesel
One possible answer to the question “how can nerve
impulses stand for different qualities?” is that perhaps _________
there are neurons that fire only to specific qualities of
stimuli
6 common function determined by resting state fMRI
– Visual
– Somato-motor (movement and touch)
– Dorsal Attention (Attention to visual stimuli and spatial locations)
– Executive Control (Higher-level cognitive tasks involved in working memory)
– Salience (Attending to survival-relevant events in the environment)
– Default mode (mind wandering)
VSD
ESD
(Attention to visual stimuli and spatial locations)
Dorsal Attention
(Higher-level cognitive tasks involved in working memory)
Executive Control
(Attending to survival-relevant events in the environment)
Salience
(Attending to survival-relevant events in the environment)
Salience
nterconnected areas of the brain that communicate with each other.
NEURAL NETWORKS
structural description of the network of elements and connections forming the human brain.
Connectcome
2 LOCALIZATION DEMONSTRATED BY BRAIN IMAGING
== The parahippocampal place area (PPA) is
activated by places but not by
other stimuli (Objects found on that place)
== The extrastriate body area (EBA) is
activated by bodies but not by other
stimuli (tools, specific face, movements)
Measures neural activity by identifying highly oxygenated hemoglobin molecules
▪ Activity recorded in voxels (3-D pixels)
FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI)
responds specifically to places (indoor/outdoor scenes)
Parahippocampal place area
(PPA)
Responds specifically to pictures of bodies and parts of bodies.
Extrastriate body area (EBA)
2questions
- Responds specifically to faces
▪ Damage to this area causes _______ (inability to recognize daces)
Fusiform face area (FFA
prosopagnosia
Define the receiveing areas of each lobe
▪ Occipital lobe: vision (EYES)
▪ Parietal lobe: touch, temperature, and pain (SKIN)
▪ Temporal lobe: hearing, taste, and smell (HEAD)
- Frontal lobe: Coordination of information received from all
senses
— Specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain.
— Cognitive functioning declines in specific ways when certain areas of the brain are damaged.
— _______ contains mechanisms responsible for most
cognitive functions.
NCerebral cortex (3-mm-thick layer covering the brain) oted
— When we perceive different objects, we do so in a specific order that moves from LOWER TO HIGHER areas of the brain
— The ascension from lower to higher areas of the brain corresponds to perceiving objects that range
from lower (simple) to higher levels of complexity.
HIERARCHICAL PROCESSING
the structure of the brain changes with experience
EXPERIENCE – DEPENDENCY PLASTICITY
funfact
Kittens exposed to vertical-only stimuli over time could only perceive verticals in normal stimuli
▪ Demonstrated that perception is determined by neurons that fire to specific qualities of a stimulus.
The problem of neural representation for the senses has been called the problem of _______
.
sensory coding
TYPES OF SENSORY CODING (give 3)
Specificity coding:
Population coding
Sparse coding
representation of a stimulus by the firing of SPECIFICALLY tuned neurons specialized to respond only to a specific stimulus
Specificity coding:
representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing of a LARGE number of neurons
Population coding
representation of a stimulus by a pattern of firing of only a SMALL group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent
Sparse Coding
