ERGO M6 - M8 Flashcards
These are experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses
PERCEPTION
TRUE OR FALSE:
Sensation can change based on added information
False. Perception instead of Sensation
True or False: Perceptions occur in conjunction with actions
True
True or False: Sensation is the top-down way our brain organize and interpret the information and put it into context.
False. Perception dapat.
True or False: Perception is the bottom-up process by which our senses, like vision, hearing and smell, receive and relay outside stimuli.
False: Sensation dapat
Perception involves complex, and usually invisible processes that resemble _________
reasoning
Perception can be involved in a process similar to reasoning or problem solving, based on ________
a person’s past experiences
WHAT ARE 4 WAYS TO IMPROVE PERCEPTION
– Authentic Communication
– Empathy
– Positive Attitude
– Cultural Influences
WAYS TO IMPROVE PERCEPTION
_________ - Becomes very important as communication has to be proper and effective and needs to be understood by others in the way you wish it to be understood.
Authentic Communication
WAYS TO IMPROVE PERCEPTION
________ - it helps to understand the situation by keeping oneself in the shoes of others.
Empathy
WAYS TO IMPROVE PERCEPTION
keeping a __________ also helps in improving the perception. For example, consider an
employee who is not performing up to the expectations of the superiors and has since been a
consistent failure, however, by keeping a positive attitude, he/she can take effective control of situation, thus preventing one’s perception to
get distorted.
positive attitude
WAYS TO IMPROVE PERCEPTION
_______ - an individual’s upbringing to an extent guides one’s perception. Though it may be difficult for an
individual to change one’s perception, yet one should try to be flexible and accommodating enough to be able to shape up one’s perception.
Cultural Influences
Types OF PERCEPTUAL ERRORS
▪ an individual is perceived based on a single trait.
▪ a single trait may cast its influence on all other traits
Halo Effect
Example: A person may have done some good work, some time ago which was highly appreciated by his boss. This deed by the individual might have touched the boss to such an extent that all other qualities, be it negative, get overshadowed by just one good deed of the individual. Such an error often finds its way in the performance appraisal exercise wherein the rater tends to rate an individual very high or very low based on a single trait, thus permitting a high degree of bias to creep into the appraisal.
Types OF PERCEPTUAL ERRORS
▪ may disrupt the perceptual process
▪ in its simplest sense would mean “typecast”
Stereotype
Example: A teacher may stereotype that ‘back benchers are laggards’ or a boss may typecast that ‘athletes make up good salesmen’. Such types of generalized statements may influence the interview process for instance and may bias the interview ratings.
What are 3 types OF PERCEPTUAL ERRORS?
– Halo Effect
– Stereotype
– Projection
Types OF PERCEPTUAL ERRORS
▪ often creeps in due to incorrect perception of an individual
▪ seen during interviews that when the panelists are taking the interview of a candidate, it is very likely that one or more panelists may see their projection in the candidate or in other words their likes or dislikes may be the same as that of the candidate and hence their interview ratings could get biased
Projection
Example: While probing the personality of a candidate, the interviewer may ask about the hobbies of the candidate, to which the candidate may respond with an answer which conveys a set of hobbies that is like one or more of the panelist. In such a situation, the interviewer is likely to see his personality in the candidate which may compel him to skew the rating.
________ can be defined as a process wherein the individuals receive various stimuli, organize their
impressions, interpret in their own way, thereby giving some meaning to the environment.
perception
Perception Process
(Describe the Input)
It includes various _______ which are received, or an individual is _____ on a daily basis
– stimuli
– bombarded
Perception Process
(Describe the Throughput)
This stage essentially represents the processing stage wherein the stimuli are ___________ by an
individual and taken ahead in the system. These are organized and taken further ahead for _________.
– selectively filtered
– interpretation
Perception Process
(Describe the OUTPUT)
The output here pertains to
__________ displayed. This,
of course, could be _____ or _____ for an organization. Hence, the significance of perception from an organizational standpoint is very essential.
– behavior
– desirable
– undesirable
_____ is one’s estimate of the probability of a given outcome is influenced by two factors.
▪ ________
▪ ________
– BAYESIAN INFERENCE
– The prior probability
– The likelihood of a given outcome
_____ describes the way we perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orientations.
Oblique Effect
A GESTALT PRINCIPLE OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION describing similar things appear grouped together.
Principle of Similarity
A GESTALT PRINCIPLE OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION describing differently colored areas if the dress are perceptually grouped with the same colors in the scene.
Color Causes Grouping
A GESTALT PRINCIPLE OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION describing lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path
Principle of Good Continuation
A GESTALT PRINCIPLE OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION describing:
▪ Principle of simplicity or good figure
▪ Every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting
structure is as simple as possible.
Law of Pragnanz
Perceptual Organization:
▪ Old View – __________
▪ New View – _________
– Structuralism
– Gestalt Principles
_______ - perception involves adding up sensations. According to this, a number of _______ (represented by the dots), add up to create our perception of the face.
– Structuralism
– sensations
_______ - the mind groups patterns according to intrinsic laws of perceptual organization.
Gestalt Principles
▪ It is the central to our ability to organize the actions that occur as we interact with the environment.
▪ It creates a picture of our environment and helps us take action within it, as it plays a central role in our general cognition.
▪ It is essential for creating memories, acquiring knowledge, solving problems, communicating with
other people, recognizing someone you met last week, and answering questions on a cognitive ergonomics exam.
Perception
▪ ________ : Refers to the task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina.
▪ Involves starting with the ________ and then extending ______(inward or outward) to the _____ of that image.
▪ Light from an object is _________ as it falls on the _____.
First bullet
– Inverse Projection Problem
Second bullet:
– retinal image
– outward
– source
Third bullet
– Inverted
– retina
t or f
People never identify objects that are obscured and therefore incomplete, or in some cases objects that are blurry.
FALSE: they can often identify blurred and obscured objects
Computer-vision systems can achieve _______ only by a laborious process that involves complex calculations designed to determine which points on an object match in
different views.
viewpoint invariance
▪ Scenes are more complex.
▪ Not only are there often many objects in a scene, but they may be providing information about the scene that requires some reasoning to figure out.
These results to scenes containing _______
High Level Information
The human perceptual system uses two types of information:
– ______
– _____
Knowledge and expectations
Environmental energy
One of the human perceptual system types of information:
_______ the observer brings to the situation.
Knowledge and expectations
One of the human perceptual system types of information:
______ stimulates the receptors.
Environmental energy
APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND PERCEPTION
________ refers to:
▪ Bottom-up Processing
▪ Perception comes from stimuli in the environment
▪ Parts are identified and put together, and then
recognition occurs
Direct Perception Theories
APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND PERCEPTION
________ refers to:
▪ Top-down Processing
▪ People actively construct perceptions using
information based on expectations
▪ Constructive Perception Theories
▪ Perception may start with the senses
▪ Incoming raw data
▪ Energy registering on receptors
Bottom-up Processing
What type of processing
▪ Perception mat start with the brain
▪ Person’s knowledge, experience, and expectations
Top-down Processing
True or False:
Bottom-up processing influences our perception of language based on our individual experience with the language.
False: Top-down dapat
The ability to tell when one word ends and another begins
Speech segmentation
Knowing which sound will likely follow another in a word
Transitional probabilities
True or False:
▪ Some perceptions are the results of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment.
▪ We use our knowledge to inform our perceptions.
True
_________ - We perceive the world in a way that is “most likely” based on our past experience
Likelihood Principle
True or False:
This aspect happens in our everyday perception. While in motion, we shift our attention from one thing to another to perceive what is happening
True
The ability to FOCUS on specific stimuli or locations in our environment.
Attention
Type of Attention.
Attending to one thing while IGNORING others
Selective attention
Type of Attention.
Paying attention to MORE than one thing at a time
Divided attention
Type of Attention.
“
▪ We DO NOT attend to a large fraction of the information in the environment.
▪ We FILTER out some information and promote other information for further processing.
“
Selective Attention
In Selective Attention,
Attention filtering occurs in either: _________, or ________.
early in processing
later in processing
In Selective Attention,
Early selection model: AKA _____
Broadbent’s Filter Model
In Selective Attention,
Intermediate selection model: AKA _______
Treisman’s Attenuation Model
In Selective Attention,
Late selection model: ______ (Who developed and What year ??)
MacKay (1973)
WHAT RESEARCH METHOD: ____
▪ One message is presented to the left ear and another to the right ear.
▪ The participant “shadows” one message to ensure he is attending to that message.
DICHOTIC LISTENING
Additional Notes:
Participants could not report the content of the message in unattended ear:
▪ Knew that there was a message
▪ Knew the gender of the speaker
However, unattended ear is being processed at some level:
▪ Cocktail party effect
▪ Change in gender is noticed
▪ Changed to a tone is noticed
_________ was designed to explain the results of an experiment done by Colin Cherry (1953), where Cherry studied attention using a technique called dichotic listening
Broadbent’s filter model
Cherry studied attention using a technique called _______, where _______ refers to presenting
different stimuli to the left AND right ears.
The participant’s task in this experiment is to focus on the message in one ear, called the ________, and to repeat
what he or she is hearing out loud
dichotic listening
dichotic
attended ear
di = AND
In BROADBENT’S FILTER MODEL
This procedure of repeating the words as they are heard is called _________
shadowing
_____________
▪ Filters message BEFORE incoming information is analyzed for meaning.
Early selection model or
BROADBENT’S FILTER MODEL
In BROADBENT’S FILTER MODEL, _______________
- Holds all incoming information
for a fraction of a second
▪ Transfers all information to next
stage
BONUS: __nth step of the model
Sensory memory
1st
(SFDM)
In BROADBENT’S FILTER MODEL, _______________
▪ Identifies attended message
based on physical
characteristics
▪ ONLY attended message is
passed on the next stage
BONUS: __nth step of the model
FILTER
2nd
(SFDM)
