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Medical Microbiology Test 2 > Eradicated and Emerging Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Eradicated and Emerging Infectious Diseases Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Key features of diseases that could be eradicated

A
  1. Narrow host range

2. Must have a vaccine

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2
Q

Smallpox virus characteristics

A

linear ds DNA virus
Distinguish by barbell shape under electron microscope
Replicates in the cytoplasm (has no access to nucleus)
Doesn’t encode translational machinery

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3
Q

Smallpox symptoms

A

High fever (>100 degrees)
Rash will follow flu like symptoms
Firm, deep seeded rash vessicles
Headache and back pain may occur

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4
Q

How is smallpox different from chickenpox?

A

Small pox starts with vessicles on hands, face, and feet and the vesicles are in a synchronous stage of development
Chicken pox has most vesicles starting on the trunk and will be in various stages of development

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5
Q

Smallpox disease mechanisms

A 
Enters the body via respiratory tract or skin invasion
Goes to the lymph nodes and multiplies
Becomes viremic in the blood stream
Spleen and liver are infected
Secondary viremic into the blood stream
Goes out to the skin
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6
Q

Poliovirus characteristics

A 
Postivie ss RNA virus
No envelope
high mutation rate
Virus surface can't change so vaccine neutralizes the surface protein
Genome similar to HCV
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7
Q

How does (+) ssRNA replicate

A

Virus builds replication factories in mitochondria

Viral RNA replicates inside (+ to - to +)

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8
Q

How are the replication houses not detected?

A

TLR-3 doesn’t detect them, which would normally recognize the d.s. DNA and kick off the innate immune system

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9
Q

How is poliovirus spread?

A

Fecal to oral transmission

Goes from the gut to the nerves to the spinal cord

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10
Q

Poliovirus mechanisms

A

Enters body and replicates in oropharynx and intestine
Goes to the lymph nodes then to the blood
Goes viremic to the skin, muscle, brain, or meninges

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11
Q

How many people become paralyzed by poliovirus?

A

1%

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12
Q

Why isn’t polio eradicated yet?

A

Hard to reach remote areas

War and political reasons

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13
Q

Key features of diseases that are emerging

A
  1. Large, probing host range

2. Reassortment

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14
Q

Retroviruses

A

RNA virues that replicate through a DNA intermediate

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15
Q

HIV characeteristics

A

Enveloped virus
+ s.s. RNA (2 copies in virion)
Contains reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA)
tRNA molecules for primers

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16
Q

gag gene

A

encode structural proteins

17
Q

pol gene

A

encodes reverse transcriptase and integrase

18
Q

env

A

encodes envelope proteins

19
Q

What does HIV look like?

A

Has a coffin shaped center
When viruses are budding they aren’t infectious right away. An enzyme must mature them from the spherical shape to the coffin like shape.

20
Q

How and what does HIV attach to?

A

CD4+ is the target cell

attaches to CXCr4 or CCr5

21
Q

Cells that are lysed during infection with HIV

A

CD4+ T lymphocytes

22
Q

Cells that go through a prolonged period of infected and bud out virus

A 
NK cells
CD8 T cells
macrophages
cells of the nervous system
dendritic cells
23
Q

Where did HIV start?

A

Central/West Africa

24
Q

HIV pathogenesis

A

Enters the body and first attacks macrophages
Can pass to CD4 T cells which goe to the lymph node where it spreads
The T cell loses function which causes the body to lose the adaptive immunity and the training for innate immunity
Nerve cells can be killed off leading to AIDS dementia

25
Q

HIV stages of disease

A

The virus peaks early then decreases as HIV antibody increases
CD4 and T cell count countinoulsy decrease
Eventually antibody worn down and HIV peaks again

26
Q

Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs)

A

proviral remnants of ancestral infections by active retroviruses
8-9% human DNA
contain inactivation mutations and can’t replicate
can be passed on

27
Q

Ebola characteristics

A

s.s RNA negative sense

Enveloped

28
Q

Ebola family

A

Filoviridae

29
Q

Strains of Eboal

A

4 human

Reston virus only in nonhuman primates

30
Q

Ebola reservoirs

A

Fruit bats

31
Q

Ebola clinical manifestations

A

overactive innate immune response leads to lesions and internal bleeding

32
Q

Ebola disease mechanisms

A 
Infects body through inhalation or skin contact
Attacks macrophages (become hyperactive)
Goes to the lymph nodes
Goes to the blood then goes system wide
Can go to liver, kidney, and spleen

Medical Microbiology Test 2 (8 decks)

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