Equine Preventive Medicine Flashcards
Core equine vaccines: definition + all 4 of them
Core: common equine infectious diseases that are either endemic, have significant public health impacts, are legally required, or have high virulence / severity
1. Tetanus
2. Rabies
3. EEE & WEE
4. WNV
all = very infectious & severe (high morbidity, high mortality)
Risk-based equine vaccines: definition + examples
Risk-based: based on endemicity of specific region/population, and the individual horse within a population.
1. EHV
2. Equine influenza
3. Potomac horse fever
4. Strangles (strep equi ss equi -> suppurative bronchopneum)
5. Lepto
6. VEE
Factors that influence the design of a vaccination protocol in equine populations:
- population density
- poor management husbandry
- inadeqaute sanitation / maintenance of stalls, food bunks, water supply, etc.
- inadequate vector control
- movement of people & fomites in / out of facility
- any concurrent disease in the population / individual horses
- specific policies of each barn
core
Tetanus
- found where
- vaccine type
- vaccine efficacy
- Exposure protocol / define Theiler’s disease
- ubiquitous in soil -> all horses @ risk
- killed vaccine (inactivated toxoid)
- provides good protection / Ab response for ≥ 6 months
- Exposure: antitoxin + toxoid
- Theiler’s disease = equine serum hepatitis: horse that receives post-exposure antitoxin is @ risk of developing (if antitoxin sourced from serum of horses w/ tetanus Ab)
booster exposure if > 6 month since booster
core
Rabies
- found where
- vaccine type
- Exposure protocol
- uncommon, but endemic in wildlife populations (racccoons, skunks)
- killed vaccine; induces strong serologic response
- Exposure: contact state PH officials if unvaxxed; if previously vaxxed, immediately re-vax & observe as directed by state PH ofiicals
core
EEE / WEE
- life cycle
- vaccine type
- vaccine efficacy
- endemic in wild bird populations (reservoir host) w/ mosquito vectors
- Killed vaccine
- 100% efficacy, very safe
core
WNV
- life cycle
- main vaccine type
- vaccine efficacy
- endemic in wild bird populations (reservoir host) and mosquito vectors
- killed vaccine
- 100% efficacy & very safe
Risk-based
EHV
- found where
- types of disease states
- common vaccine type
- vaccine efficacy
- which vaccine type to give to pregnant mares and when
- mostly infects when foals -> latent -> recrudescence during stressful events
- Rhinopneumonitis, Abortion, Myeloencephalopathy
- Killed -> low and high antigen load options
- efficacy: good for abortion, “meh” for rhinopneum., NONE for myeloenceph.
- Give pregnant mares HIGH antigen load inactivated vaccine to prevent abortion ( @ 5, 7, 9 months gestation)
Risk-based
Vaccine types for equine influenza
- Killed (IM)
- Modified live (IN)
Risk-based
What horses typically receive EHV (rhinopneumonitis) vaccine? Frequency?
- < 5 years of age
- on breeding farms
- at high-traffic facilities
- performance horses
given biannually
Risk-based
Strangles
- vaccine types and any cautions
- Killed (IM)
- Modified Live (IN) -> WILL CAUSE ABSCESS IF CONTAMINATES INJECTABLE SITE; can also cause non-infectious clinical signs of Strangles
Risk-based
Potomac Horse Fever
- found where
- vaccine type + efficacy
- vaccination frequency in endemic areas
- endemic in northern & eastern U.S., and seasonally (summer to early fall)
- Killed vaccine with LOW efficacy
- In endemic areas, give biannually, 3-4 months apart prior to peak season
What is the Coggins test?
Test = Agar Gel Immunodiffusion test (AGID)
- annual test for equine infectious anemia, particularly for horses that co-mingle
annual test for “Anywhere that horses co-mingle”
What muscles are used for IM injections in horses?
- Cervical muscle
- Semimembranosus or Semitendinosus
How early in advance should vaccines be administered prior to exposure event?
3-4 weeks prior
