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Parasitology > Equine Nematodes > Flashcards

Equine Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Drashia megastoma-Hosts

Habronema spp.

A

Equine

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2
Q

Drashia megastoma-Identification

Habronema spp.

A

D. megastoma-Adults: 13mm long, funnel-shaped buccal cavity, nodules close to the margo plicatus
Habronema spp.-Adults: 22-25 mm long, cylindrical buccal cavity
Eggs: Thin-shelled, larvated, 40-55 x 8-16 um

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3
Q

Drashia megastoma-Life Cycle

Habronema spp.

A

Indirect.
IH: Diptera Muscidae, Musca spp., Stomoxys calcitrans
L3 infective stage
Adults/larvae in stomach
larvae also in skin (“wrong place at wrong time”)

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4
Q

Drashia megastoma-Pathogenesis and Lesions

Habronema spp.

A 
Larvae
-cutaneous habronemiasis and cutaneous draschiasis
-granular conjunctivitis
Adults
-nodules in stomach
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5
Q

Drashia megastoma-Site of Infection

Habronema spp.

A

Adults/larvae in stomach

L3 in skin = “wrong place at wrong time”

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6
Q

Draschia megastoma-Clinical Signs

Habronema spp.

A

Larvae cause “summer sores”

Adults cause gastritis

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7
Q

Draschia megastoma-Diagnosis

Habronema spp.

A

Biopsy or skin-scraping of lesions to reveal larvae

Eggs difficult to recover in feces

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8
Q

Draschia megastoma-Treatment and Prevention

Habronema spp.

A

MCLs approved
Fly control
Ivermectin no longer effective-Resistance?

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9
Q

Parascaris equorum-Hosts

A

Equine

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10
Q

Parascaris equorum-Identification

A

Adults: Long, 30cm, white to cream colored, 3 large lips
Eggs: thick-walled, 90um

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11
Q

Parascaris equorum-Life Cycle

A

Direct. PPP = 10-12 wks
Direct and Per Os
No transmammary or transplacental transmission
L2 in egg is infective is swallowed→ hepatic-tracheal migration→ devel. to L3 in trachea→ swallowed→ devel. to L4 and migrate to small intestine→ adult

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12
Q

Parascaris equorum-Site of Infection

A

Small Intestine

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13
Q

Parascaris equorum-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Perforation, intestinal obstruction, unthriftiness or production losses

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14
Q

Parascaris equorum-Clinical Signs

A

Coughing during migratory phases, unthriftiness in young animals with heavy infections

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15
Q

Parascaris equorum-Diagnosis

A

Fecal flotation for eggs

Eggs may be absent with clinical signs

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16
Q

Parascaris equorum-Treatment and Prevention

A

Anthelmintics, timing of treatment

Resistance with some MCLs

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17
Q

Strongyloides westeri-Common Name

A

Threadworm

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18
Q

Strongyloides westeri-Hosts

A

Equine

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19
Q

Strongyloides westeri-Identification

A

Adults: slender hair-like nematodes, less than 1 cm long, long esophagus (1/3 of body)
Eggs: Thin-shelled, larvated, 30-40 um

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20
Q

Strongyloides westeri-Life Cycle

A

Direct. PPP = 10-14d
Parasitic (homogonic) and Free-living (heterogonic) phases
L3 infective stage
Per Os, Percutatneous, Transmammary

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21
Q

Strongyloides westeri-Site of Infection

A

Adults in small intestine

Larvae in somatic tissues

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22
Q

Strongyloides westeri-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Erythematous reaction from larval penetration of skin

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23
Q

Strongyloides westeri-Clinical Signs

A

Larvae cause urticaria, “frenzy”

Adults cause diarrhea (usually in young)

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24
Q

Strongyloides westeri-Diagnosis

A

Fecal flotation reveals eggs with L1
Baermann
expect to see parasite in <5mths old horses

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25
Q

Strongyloides westeri-Treatment and Prevention

A

Incorporated with control of Strongyles and ascarids, normally not a critical parasite

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26
Q

Oxyuris equi-Common Name

A

Large Pinworm

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27
Q

Oxyuris equi-Hosts

A

Equine

28
Q

Oxyuris equi-Identification

A

Adults: long white nematode with pointed tails reaching 10cm (4in)
Eggs: 85 x 40um, single operculum, flatter on one side

29
Q

Oxyuris equi-Life Cycle

A

Direct. PPP = 4-5mths
Adults in dorsal colon→ gravid female migrates to anus to lay eggs around perineum→ eggs laid with gelatinous substance (irritant)→ larva devel. to L3 in egg
Egg with L3 infective stage

30
Q

Oxyuris equi-Site of Infection

A

Large Intestine

31
Q

Oxyuris equi-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Pruritus

32
Q

Oxyuris equi-Clinical Signs

A

Peri-anal irritation (from eggs and gelatinous substance)

33
Q

Oxyuris equi-Diagnosis

A

Broken hair at tailhead
Adhesive tape method
Perianal scraping method

34
Q

Oxyuris equi-Treatment and Prevention

A

Parasitides (MCLs, FBZ, etc.)

Resistance suspected

35
Q

Strongylus spp.-Common Name

A

Large Strongyles

S. vulgaris, S. edentatus, S. equinis

36
Q

Strongylus spp.-Hosts

A

Equine

37
Q

Strongylus spp.-Identification

A

Adults: globular mouth capsule,
S. vulgaris: 1-2cm, 2 dorsal ear-shaped teeth in mouth
S. edentatus: 3-4cm, no teeth
S. equinus: 3-4cm, one large tooth with a bifid tip and two smaller subventral teeth
Eggs: all the same, 60-120 x 35-60um

38
Q

Strongylus spp.-Life Cycle

A

Direct. PPP = 6mths
L3 are infective stage
L3 ingested while grazing→ migrate to cranial mesenteric and ileocolic a.a. molting along the way (S. vulgaris) / through liver and abdominal tissues (S. edentatus) / through liver (S. equinus)→ migrate back to large intestines→ adults

39
Q

Strongylus spp.-Site of Infection

A

Larvae in arterial vessels of intestines (S. vulgaris), liver and abdominal tissues (S. edentatus) or liver (S. equinus)
Adults: Large intestine

40
Q

Strongylus spp.-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Larvae-
Arteritis, marked thickening of arterial wall, thrombus, infarction, death, aberrent larval migration
Adults-
bloodsuckers, remove plugs of mucosa

41
Q

Strongylus spp.-Clinical Signs

A

Larvae cause thrombo-embolus, colic

Adults cause anemia with heavy infection

42
Q

Strongylus spp.-Diagnosis

A

Eggs in fecal–Cannot differentiate small from large strongyles
L3 in culture
Migrating larvae–ultrasound, rectal exam and palpation, arteriography
Adults–necropsy

43
Q

Strongylus spp.-Treatment and Prevention

A

Anthelmintics

No resistance

44
Q

Cyathostominae-Common Name

A

Small strongyles or cyathostomins

45
Q

Cyathostominae-Hosts

A

Equine

46
Q

Cyathostominae-Identification

A

Adults: less than 15mm in length, mouth capsule not globular but rectangular or square
Eggs: typical strongyle, 60-120 x 35-60um

47
Q

Cyathostominae-Life Cycle

A

Direct. PPP = 6wks to 2-4 mths
L3 infective form
L3 ingested while grazing→ penetrate large intestinal wall→ emerge later as L4→ adults
Arrested devel. up to 2.5 yrs.

48
Q

Cyathostominae-Site of Infection

A

Larvae within cecum, ventral/dorsal colon

Adults in intestinal lumen (lg. intestine)

49
Q

Cyathostominae-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Larval cyathostominosis
lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltration
Catarrhal colitis
Protein losing enteropathy

50
Q

Cyathostominae-Clinical Signs

A

Affects younger horses
Clinical signs associated with emergence of L4
Chronic diarrhea, colic, severe weight loss, edema, intussusception
Seasonality

51
Q

Cyathostominae-Diagnosis

A

Eggs in fecal exam

L3 in culture

52
Q

Cyathostominae-Treatment and Prevention

A

Some BZs and MCLs for mucosal larval stages
BZs, MCLs, and others for adults
Resistance known to all drug classes
Treat animals contaminating the pasture, clean up feces, mixed grazing, do not overstock

53
Q

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi-Common Name

A

Lungworm

54
Q

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi-Hosts

A

Donkeys

In horses, adults do not reach sexually maturity

55
Q

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi-Identification

A

Adults: Long, slender, white nematodes, 8cm
L1: 400um
Eggs: 75um

56
Q

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi-Life Cycle

A

Direct. PPP = 2-4mths
Adults in bronchi lay eggs containing L1→ eggs hatch in lungs and in feces→ eggs and L1 found in feces→ devel. to L3→ migrate from feces to herbage→ L3 ingested

57
Q

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi-Site of Infection

A

Bronchi

58
Q

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

None in donkeys

Highly pathogenic in horses–damage to pulmonary tissues

59
Q

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi-Clinical Signs

A

No clinical signs in donkeys

Horses: chronic, productive cough

60
Q

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi-Diagnosis

A

L1 in eggs recovered from feces and lung washings with Baermann
Adults in lungs at necropsy

61
Q

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi-Treatment and Prevention

A

In endemic areas do not pasture donkeys and horses together

62
Q

Setaria equina-Hosts

A

Equine

IH: mosquitoes

63
Q

Setaria equina-Identification

A

Superfamily: Filarioidea
Adults: long slender worms, 12cm

64
Q

Setaria equina-Diagnosis

A

Mff in blood smears

Adults in peritoneal cavity

65
Q

Onchocerca cervicalis-Hosts

A

Equine

IH: Culicoides spp.

66
Q

Onchocerca cervicalis-Identification

A

Adults: slender nematodes b/w 2-6cm and lie tightly coiled in tissue nodules

67
Q

Onchocerca cervicalis-Diagnosis

A

Mff in tissue spaces of the skin→recovered in saline incubation of skin biopsies
Fistulous withers-open purulent lesions

Parasitology (16 decks)

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