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Parasitology > Canine/Feline Nematodes > Flashcards

Canine/Feline Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Spirocerca lupi-Common Name

A

Esophageal Worm

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2
Q

Spirocerca lupi-Hosts

A

DH: Dogs
IH: Dung Beetles
PH: Chickens, birds and lizards
*Reported in humans also

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3
Q

Spirocerca lupi-Identification

A

Adults: pink/red in color, reach 8cm in length
Eggs: small, elongated, 30-35um

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4
Q

Spirocerca lupi-Life Cycle

A

Indirect. PPP = 6 mths
Egg with L1 passed in vomitus/feces→ingested by IH→L1 hatches and develops into L3 and encysts in IH→DH ingests L3 within IH/PH→L3 penetrates stomach wall of DH and migrates to thoracic aorta through celiac a.→3 mths later move into esophagus and form granulomas→adult

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5
Q

Spirocerca lupi-Site of Infection

A

Adults in granulomatous nodules in wall of esophagus/stomach of DH

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6
Q

Spirocerca lupi-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Lesions within wall of aorta due to migrating larvae
Osteosarcoma (bone cancer)
Spondylosis (immobility of joint) of the thoracic vertebrae
Osteopathy (bone disease) of long bones

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7
Q

Spirocerca lupi-Clinical Signs

A

Esophageal granulomas interfere with swallowing and can cause regurgitation
Weakness, emaciation, and rapid loss of condition

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8
Q

Spirocerca lupi-Diagnosis

A

Fecal floatation with sodium nitrate→only positive when the adults are releasing eggs from the granulomas
Endoscopy or radiography

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9
Q

Spirocerca lupi-Treatment and Prevention

A

Macrocyclic lactones are used extra-label

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10
Q

Physaloptera spp.-Hosts

A

DH: Dogs and Cats
IH: Beetles, cockroaches and crickets
PH: Snakes and birds

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11
Q

Physaloptera spp.-Identification

A

Adults: 4-6cm, resemble ascarids in size
Eggs: elongated, 45um, more oval than Spirocerca

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12
Q

Physaloptera spp.-Life Cycle

A

Indirect. PPP = 8-10 wks.
Egg with L1 passed in vomitus/feces→Ingested by IH→L1 hatches and develops into L3 and encysts→L3 in IH or PH ingested by DH→L3 develops into an adult in stomach of DH

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13
Q

Physaloptera spp.-Site of Infection

A

Stomach

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14
Q

Physaloptera spp.-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Small ulcers due to strong forcep-like teeth that attach to the gastric mucosa

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15
Q

Physaloptera spp.-Clinical Signs

A

Vomiting, catarrhal gastritis (inflammation of mucous membrane) and bloody stool

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16
Q

Physaloptera spp.-Diagnosis

A

Adults can be viewed in stomach with endoscopy

Elongate eggs thickened at either pole in vomitus/feces

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17
Q

Physaloptera spp.-Treatment and Prevention

A

No approved treatment

Control of IH–NOT PRACTICAL

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18
Q

Toxocara canis-Common Name

A

Common Roundworm, ascarid

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19
Q

Toxocara canis-Hosts

A

Dogs

*Zoonosis

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20
Q

Toxocara canis-Identification

A

Adults: large white nematodes 10-15cm, small finger-like process on tail of male
Egg: dark brown, round, thick pitted shell, 85 x 75 um

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21
Q

Toxocara canis-Life Cycle

A

Direct. PPP = 4-7 wks with direct infection following ingestion of eggs or larvae in a PH, 3 wks with prenatal infection
Per os, Transplacental or prenatal, Transmammary or Paratenic Hosts

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22
Q

Per os Life Cycle

A

Eggs with L2 infective in environ. in 2-4 wks. Infective eggs (L2) ingested by DH and hatch in small intestine→hepatic-tracheal migration→return to small intestine→mature to adult→eggs laid 4-5 wks.
This mode of infection occurs regularly in hosts under 5 wks. Older than 5 wks can still be infected but typically arrest at L3 stage due to acquired immunity

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23
Q

Transplacental or prenatal Life Cycle

A

Arrested L3 in pregnant bitch move across placenta at week 6 of gestation→brought to fetal liver by circulatory system→after birth nematodes migrate to stomach and mature in small intestine

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24
Q

Transmammary Life Cycle

A

Suckling pup may be infected with migration of L3 in the milk during first 3 wks of lactation. No further migration in pup

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25
Q

Paratenic Host Life Cycle

A

Rodents or birds may ingest infective egg→hatched L2 travel to tissues and remain until eaten by dog→further development confined to GI tract

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26
Q

Toxocara canis-Site of Infection

A

Small Intestine

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27
Q

Toxocara canis-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

No apparent damage to tissue during larval migration

Little reaction in intestines from adults

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28
Q

Toxocara canis-Clinical Signs

A

Pneumonia from larval migration through lungs, eosinophilia from chronic infection, hypersensitization, digestive disturbances such as vomiting and diarrhea, intestinal obstruction from large numbers of adults, general malaise, anemia, pot belly appearance
No clinical signs with moderate infections

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29
Q

Toxocara canis-Diagnosis

A

Patent intestinal infection
Eggs in fecal floatation
Adults recovered in necropsy

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30
Q

Toxocara canis-Treatment and Prevention

A

Anthelmintics-Pyrantel and benzimidazole
Management of environ.
Removal of feces

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31
Q

Toxocara cati-Common Name

A

Common roundworm, ascarid

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32
Q

Toxocara cati-Hosts

A

Cats

*Zoonosis

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33
Q

Toxocara cati-Identification

A

Adults: large white nematodes 4-10cm, cervical alae shaped as an arrow head with the posterior margins almost at a right angle to the body
Eggs: thick pitted shell, colorless, 60 x 80 um.

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34
Q

Toxocara cati-Life Cycle

A

Direct.
Per os, transmammary (RARE), paratenic hosts
Transplacental or prenatal DOES NOT occur

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35
Q

Toxocara cati-Site of Infection

A

Small Intestine

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36
Q

Toxocara cati-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Little migration

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37
Q

Toxocara cati-Clinical Signs

A

Pneumonia from larval migration through lungs, eosinophilia from chronic infection, hypersensitization, digestive disturbances such as vomiting and diarrhea, intestinal obstruction from large numbers of adults, general malaise, anemia, pot belly appearance

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38
Q

Toxocara cati-Diagnosis

A

Eggs in fecal floatation

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39
Q

Toxocara cati-Treatment and Prevention

A

Anthelmintics-Pyrantel and benzimidazole
Management of environ.
Removal of feces
Control of ascarids should concentrate on kittens

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40
Q

Toxascaris leonina-Common Name

A

Ascarid

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41
Q

Toxacaris leonina-Hosts

A

Dogs and cats

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42
Q

Toxacaris leonina-Identification

A

Adults: large white nematode with prominent process 6-10cm
Eggs: slightly ovoid with smooth thick shell

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43
Q

Toxacaris leonina-Life Cycle

A

Direct. PPP = 10-11 wks.

Per Os, Paratenic hosts

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44
Q

Toxacaris leonina-Site of Infection

A

Small intestine

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45
Q

Toxacaris leonina-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

None

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46
Q

Toxacaris leonina-Clinical Signs

A

Typically non-pathogenic.

Adults can cause vomiting/diarrhea, intestinal obstruction, general malaise, anemia and pot belly appearance.

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47
Q

Toxacaris leonina-Diagnosis

A

Eggs in fecal floatation

Adults in small intestine in necropsy

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48
Q

Toxacaris leonina-Treatment and Prevention

A

Anthelmintics-Pyrantel and benzimidazole
Management of environ.
Removal of feces

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49
Q

Ancylostoma caninum-Common Name

A

Hookworm

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50
Q

Ancylostoma caninum-Hosts

A

DH: Dogs and Foxes

*Zoonosis

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51
Q

Ancylostoma caninum-Identification

A

Adults: 1-2cm, characteristic “hook” posture, large buccal capsule with 3 pairs of marginal teeth
Eggs: thin-shelled, oval, 60 x 40 um

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52
Q

Ancylostoma caninum-Life Cycle

A

Direct. PPP = 2-3 wks.
Eggs hatch, molt and develop to L3 (infective stage)
Percutaneous or penetration of oral mucosa if ingested,
Per Os, Paratenic hosts, Transplacental, Transmammary

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53
Q

Ancylostoma caninum-Site of Infection

A

Small intestine

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54
Q

Ancylostoma caninum-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Acute or chronic hemorrhagic anemia caused by adults

Skin reactions at sites of percutaneous infection

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55
Q

Ancylostoma caninum-Clinical Signs

A

Acute infections cause anemia and lassitude (little energy). Severe anemia can be accompanied by diarrhea with blood/mucous.
Chronic infections cause weight loss, poor hair coat, loss of appetite.

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56
Q

Ancylostoma caninum-Diagnosis

A

Eggs on fecal floatation

Adults at necropsy in small intestine

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57
Q

Ancylostoma caninum-Treatment and Prevention

A

Anthelminthics such as mebendazole, fenbendazole and nitroscanate
With severe infection may require parenteral iron or blood transfusion
Keep kennel floors clean
Treat weaned pups every 3 mths.

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58
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme-Common Name

A

Hookworm

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59
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme-Hosts

A

Cats

60
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme-Identification

A

Adults: 1-2cm, large buccal capsule with 3 pairs of marginal teeth
Eggs: thin shelled, oval, 60 x 40 um

61
Q

Percutaneous or penetration of oral mucosa if ingested

A

Migrate by blood to the lungs, tracheal migration to the small intestine

62
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme-Life Cycle

A

Direct.

Per Os, Percutaneous and Paratenic hosts

63
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme-Site of Infection

A

Small intestine

64
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Acute or chronic hemorrhagic anemia caused by adults

Skin reactions at sites of percutaneous infection

65
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme-Clinical Signs

A

Acute infections cause anemia and lassitude (little energy). Severe anemia can be accompanied by diarrhea with blood/mucous.
Chronic infections cause weight loss, poor hair coat, loss of appetite.

66
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme-Diagnosis

A

Eggs on fecal floatation

Adults at necropsy in small intestine

67
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme-Treatment and Prevention

A

Anthelminthics such as mebendazole, fenbendazole and nitroscanate
With severe infection may require parenteral iron or blood transfusion
Keep kennel floors clean
Treat weaned pups every 3 mths.

68
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense-Common Name

A

Hookworm

69
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense-Hosts

A

Dogs and Cats

*Zoonosis-severe cutaneous larval migrans in humans

70
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense-Identification

A

Adults: 1-2cm, large buccal capsule with 3 pairs of marginal teeth
Eggs: thin shelled, oval, 60 x 40 um

71
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense-Life Cycle

A

Direct.
Per Os, Percutaneous Infeciton
Rodents can act as paratenic hosts

72
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense-Sites of Infection

A

Small intestine

73
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Less voracious bloodsucker than A. caninum hense less pathogenic

74
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense-Clinical Signs

A

Mild digestive upsets

Occasional diarrhea

75
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense-Diagnosis

A

Eggs on fecal floatation

Adults at necropsy in small intestine

76
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense-Treatment and Prevention

A

Anthelminthics such as mebendazole, fenbendazole and nitroscanate
With severe infection may require parenteral iron or blood transfusion
Keep kennel floors clean
Treat weaned pups every 3 mths.

77
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala-Common Name

A

Hookworm

78
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala-Hosts

A

Dogs, cats and foxes

*Zoonosis

79
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala-Identification

A

Adults: small nematode, 1cm, 2 cutting plates on border of the buccal capsule and at base a small pair of teeth
Eggs: thin shelled, oval, 80 x 40 um

80
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala-Life Cycle

A

Direct. PPP = 15-21 days
Per os is usual mode of infection
Percutaneous infection is rare

81
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala-Site of Infection

A

Small intestine

82
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Less voracious bloodsucker than A. caninum

83
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala-Clinical Signs

A

Anemia, diarrhea, and interdigital dermatitis

84
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala-Diagnosis

A

Eggs in fecal floatation

Larval culture

85
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala-Treatment and Prevention

A

Anthelminthics and good hygiene

86
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis-Common Name

A

Threadworm

87
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis-Hosts

A

Dogs, cats, foxes

*Zoonosis

88
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis-Identification

A

Adults: slender hair-like nematode less than 1cm in length
Eggs: with L1 30 x 40 um

89
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis-Life Cycle

A

Direct.
Parasitic (homogonic) phase: eggs with L1 passed in feces→L1 develop to L3 in soil→infective L3 penetrates host’s skin or oral mucosa→migrate to heart→ lungs→ trachea and swallowed→intestine→adult FEMALE ONLY PPP = 10-14 days
Free-living (heterogonic) phase: favorable environ. conditions the free-living stage predominates. Larvae hatch from egg→devel. into adult (MALE OR FEMALE) in soil→females lay eggs→eggs devel. into free-living L3→infect percutaneously and per os
Prenatal and transmammary transmission

90
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis-Site of Infection

A

Small intestine (adults), skin (larvae)

91
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Inflammation in small intestine with heavy infection

Erythrematous reaction with infective L3 in skin

92
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis-Clinical Signs

A

Diarrhea, anorexia, dullness, weight loss, urticaria (hives)

93
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis-Diagnosis

A

L1 and eggs with L1 in fecal floatation, Baermann technique

94
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis-Treatment and Prevention

A

Anthelmintics

95
Q

Trichuris spp.-Common Name

A

Whipworm

96
Q

Trichuris spp.-Hosts

A

Dogs and Cats

97
Q

Trichuris spp.-Identification

A

Adults: 4-6cm long, thick posterior end tapering rapidly to a long filamentous anterior end
Egg: lemon shape, yellow or brown, plug at both ends, 80 x 35 um

98
Q

Trichuris spp.-Life Cycle

A

Direct. PPP = 6-12 wks.
Infective stage is egg with L1.
Ingestion of infective egg with L1→plugs digested→L1 penetrates the glands of the cecal mucosa→4 molts within the glands→adults embed in cecal mucosa.

99
Q

Trichuris spp.-Site of Infection

A

Large intestine, particularly cecum

100
Q

Trichuris spp.-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Usually light infection and asymptomatic

With heavy infection, can cause diphtheritic (leather-like) inflammation of cecal mucosa.

101
Q

Trichuris spp.-Clinical Signs

A

Sporadic diseases with heavy infection.

Associated with watery, bloody diarrhea

102
Q

Trichuris spp.-Diagnosis

A

Eggs in feces in fecal floatation

103
Q

Trichuris spp.-Treatment and Prevention

A

Anthelmintics-benzimidazoles and macrolides

Eggs can survive for 3-4yrs without host and are a reservoir of infection

104
Q

Capillaria spp.-Hosts

A

Dogs and Cats.

*Zoonosis-but not very common

105
Q

Capillaria spp.-Identification

A

Adults: thin, hair-like nematodes, 1-5cm long
Eggs: resemble Trichuris eggs, bipolar plugs, barrel-shaped, lighter in color, 60 x 35 um

106
Q

Capillaria spp.-Life Cycle

A

Direct and Indirect.
Infective stage: L1 in egg
Direct. Adults in airways embedded in the mucosa of trachea, bronchi and nasal passages produce eggs→eggs coughed up and swallowed→eggs in intestines→eggs excreted in feces→eggs ingested by host PPP = 6 wks
Indirect. Adults in urinary bladder produce eggs→excrete in urine→eggs ingested by host (direct) or eggs ingested by IH (earthworm) then IH ingested by host (indirect) PPP = 2 mths

107
Q

Capillaria spp.-Site of Infection

A

Airways, intestinal tract or bladder

108
Q

Capillaria spp.-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Relatively non-pathogenic

109
Q

Capillaria spp.-Clinical Signs

A

Asymptomatic

110
Q

Capillaria spp.-Diagnosis

A

Eggs found in feces, urine or bronchial swab-Incidental finding since they are non-pathogenic

111
Q

Capillaria spp.-Treatment and Prevention

A

Anthelmintics (levamisole, fenbendazole, ivermectin)

Control IH is not practical

112
Q

Dioctophyme renale-Common Name

A

Giant Kidney Worm

113
Q

Dioctophyme renale-Hosts

A

DH: Dogs, foxes, minks
IH: Earthworm
PH: Frogs, fish
*Zoonosis

114
Q

Dioctophyme renale-Identification

A

Largest nematode of domestic animals
Adults: females 60-100cm in length
Eggs: 70 um with thick shell

115
Q

Dioctophyme renale-Diagnosis

A

Eggs in urine

116
Q

Oslerus osleri-Common Name

A

Tracheal Worm

117
Q

Oslerus osleri-Hosts

A

Dogs

118
Q

Oslerus osleri-Identification

A

Adults: small, hair-like greyish nematode, 0.5-1.0cm, not recovered intact from tissues
L1 with kinked tail in feces or sputum

119
Q

Oslerus osleri-Life Cycle

A

Direct. PPP = 10-18 wks.
L1 is infective stage
Adult female lays eggs with larvae→host coughs up into sputum and is swallowed→ excreted in feces→ next host ingests L1
Easy for mother to pass to puppies since she is constantly licking pups

120
Q

Oslerus osleri-Site of Infection

A

Nodules in the trachea at bifurcation, adjacent bronchi or deeper in lungs

121
Q

Oslerus osleri-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Small, soft, greyish, millet seed nodules

Heavy infection-greyish masses of many nodules

122
Q

Oslerus osleri-Clinical Signs

A

Asymptomatic unless heavy infection.

Hyperpnea (increased rate of respiration)

123
Q

Oslerus osleri-Diagnosis

A

Nodules detected with brochoscope

L1 in sputum, centrifugal floatation or Baermann technique

124
Q

Oslerus osleri-Treatment and Prevention

A

Problem in kennels

Treat with benzimidazoles possibly

125
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus-Common Name

A

Cat lungworm

126
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus-Hosts

A

DH: Cats
IH: Snails and slugs
PH: Birds, rodents and frogs

127
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus-Identification

A

Adults: 1cm in length, slender and delicate so difficult to recover intact
L1 in feces with kink or S-shaped tail

128
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus-Life Cycle

A

Indirect. PPP = 6-12 wks.
L3 infective stage.
Adults lay eggs with L1 in lung parenchyma→eggs hatch→L1 coughed up and swallowed→ excreted in feces→L1 enter IH→ develop into L3→ cats ingest IH or PH→ L3 develop into adults in DH lungs

129
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus-Site of Infection

A

Lung parenchyma and bronchioles

130
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Low pathogenicity, majority of infections found incidentally at necropsy

131
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus-Clinical Signs

A

Chronic mild cough

132
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus-Diagnosis

A

Fecal exam by smear, flotation or Baermann method to find L1 with kinked tail

133
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus-Treatment and Prevention

A

Levamisole and Ivermectin

Prevent access to IH and PH if possible

134
Q

Dirofilaria immitis-Common Name

A

Heartworm

135
Q

Dirofilaria immitis-Hosts

A

DH: Dogs and cats, can infect 30 other mammals
IH: Mosquitoes
*Zoonosis

136
Q

Dirofilaria immitis-Identification

A

Adults: Long and slender, 20-30cm
Microfilariae (mff): L1 stage, 300 um long, tapered anterior end, straight tail, slow non-progressive movement in blood smears

137
Q

Dirofilaria immitis-Life Cycle

A

Indirect. PPP = 6-9 mths.
L3 is infective stage
Adults females release mff (L1) into blood stream→can circulate for up to 3 yrs in host’s blood→taken up by mosquito→L1 develop into L3 in IH→L3 in salivary glands of mosquito→L3 inoculated (up to 12) into new host’s blood when mosquito feeds→L3 molts to L4 in 1-2 days→L4 migrates through subcutaneous tissues for 2-3 mths→L4 molts to L5→L5 enters vein→carried to pulmonary arteries→develop into sexually mature adult in 2-3 mths→release mff into blood

138
Q

Dirofilaria immitis-Site of Infection

A

Adults found in pulmonary arteries of the caudal lung lobes

With heavy infection, found in right heart and the caudal vena cava

139
Q

Dirofilaria immitis-Pathogenesis and Lesions

A

Endothelium is destroyed
Fluid leakage, thrombus formation
Tortuous arteries (thickening of arteries)
Increased resistance, right side of heart has to work harder
Post-caval syndrome→so many worms causing heart failure
Requires Wolbachia spp. to live and reproduce

140
Q

Dirofilaria immitis-Clinical Signs

A

Dependent on animal’s activity
Most are asymptomatic.
Symptoms may include weight loss, anorexia, chronic non-productive cough, labored respiration, exercise intolerance, exertional dyspnea

141
Q

Dirofilaria immitis-Diagnosis

A

mff in blood→appear 6-7 mths post infection
Antigen test: must have sexually mature adult females for a positive test
mff tests: complements antigen testing
Occult infection→infection with adults w/o mff
Radiography-characterizes severity of pulmonary lesions
Echocardiography

142
Q

Dirofilaria immitis-Treatment and Prevention

A

Prophylaxis to prevent further infections→treat year round
Doxycycline to kill Wolbachia spp.
Kill mff to stop dog from being a source of infection
Manage clinical signs of moderate or severe lung disease and heart failure prior
Adulticide therapy-Melarsomine dihydrochloride→done at least 3 months after starting a preventative
Decrease activity

143
Q

Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) reconditum-Hosts

A

Dogs

144
Q

Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) reconditum-Identification

A

mff distinguished from D. immitis mff by progressive movement, few relative number, blunt head, buttonhook or curved tail

145
Q

Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) reconditum-Diagnosis

A

mff identification in blood

Parasitology (16 decks)

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