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Locomotor > Equine foot 1 > Flashcards

Equine foot 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Properties - hoof capsule under laod

A
  • elastic and flexible (this is known as the hoof mechanism)

- protective (stones, trauma)

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2
Q

What does the hoof allow? 2

A
  • internal swelling

- drainage

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3
Q

What is the weak point of the hoof?

A

white line

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4
Q

What is the hoof mechanism important for?

A

foot perfusion

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5
Q

What are the parts of the white line? 5

A
  • sole
  • white zone
  • stratum lamellum
  • stratum internum
  • stratum medium hoof wall
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6
Q

How can you examine the hoof?

A
  • hoof testers/ palpation
  • percussion
  • response to local analgesia
  • Imaging (radiographs, advanced)
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7
Q

What is the most common site of lameness?

A

hoof/foot

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8
Q

What parts of the hoof can you palpate?

A
  • dorsal DIP joint capsule
  • DIP joint collatral ligaements
  • collateral cartilages
  • (distal recess DFTS and DDFT)
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9
Q

What can you look for when palpating the hoof?

A
  • local heat
  • digital pulses
  • DIP joint effusion
  • pastern oedema
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10
Q

Name 2 farriery related problems of the hood

A
  • Nail prick (nail driven through sensitive laminae)

- Nail bind (nail driven too close to sensitive laminae)

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11
Q

How well does the hoof wall heal?

A

well if the coronary band is not damaged

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12
Q

T - septic pedal osteitis

A
  • curettage

- wound care

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13
Q

What are hoof cracks?

A
  • disruption of hood wall parallel to horn tubules and lamellae
  • can extend into sensitive laminae (lame)
  • multifactorial aetiology (poor horn quality, thin hoof wall, abnormal hoof angles)
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14
Q

What 2 aspects of foot balance should be assessed?

A

hoof from side and lateromedial foot balance

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15
Q

What are hoof wall avulsions?

A
  • damage to coronary band –> permanently disturbed growth
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16
Q

What is a keratoma of the hoof capsule?

A
  • columnar thickening of hoof horn extending towards inside of hoof
  • mostly dorsal wall
  • aetiology (mechanical irritation, hoof abscess)
  • increased local pressure (typical lysis distal to phalanx)
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17
Q

What is a characteristic sign of hoof capsule keratima?

A
  • clear lucency in solar aspect of pedal bone d/t local pressure keratoma –> bone resorption in this area
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18
Q

Name 2 infectious problems of hoof capsule

A
  • thrush

- canker

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19
Q

Describe hoof capsule thrush

A
  • infection leading to necrotic processes in frog area
  • usually limited to lateral and medial sulci of frog (solar area)
  • v smelly
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20
Q

Describe canker of hoof capsule

A
  • mixed bacterial infection in depper tissue layers of entire frog and heels leads ot disintegration of intertubular honr
  • warm, humid
  • cheesy white pus
  • pungent odour
  • tendency to bleed
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21
Q

Tx - hoof capsule thrush and canker

A
  • same for both

- area resected to expose lamellar area underneath

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22
Q

What is white line disease of horse hoof capsule?

A
  • deterioration of white line of hoof capsule –> loss of bond b/w hoof wall and sole
  • poor quality horn gets colonised by different bacteria and fungi
  • warm, humid
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23
Q

Tx - hoof capsule disease

A
  • management/ prevention (meticulous daily hoof care, stall hygiene)
  • debride all necrotic and diseases horn
  • disinfect area
  • protective bandages for sensitive laminae
  • sulci –> hardening solutions (formalin, alternatives)
24
Q

CS - hoof abscesses

A
  • various
  • shod and unshod horses
  • infection on area of sensitive lamina after bacterial penetration
25
Q

What is the commonest cause of TL lameness?

A

hoof abscess

26
Q

Name 2 types of solar soft tissue

A
  • chronic foot abscess

- quittor

27
Q

What is a chronic foot abscess?

A
  • burst out of coronary band

- aka ‘gravel’ amongst owners

28
Q

What is quittor?

A
  • infection of collateral cartilage

- seen on palmar/plantar aspect, above coronary band (Vs. chronic foot abscess which bursts out at the coronary band)

29
Q

Tx- navicular fractures

A
  • single screw
30
Q

What are bipartite navicular bones?

A
  • congentital anomaly
  • important ddx to fx (usually lamer)
  • can result in chronic lameness and DIP joint OA (athletic horses)
  • usually both TL affected
  • relatively rare
  • classic xray appearance
31
Q

How are navicular disease and syndrome different?

A
  • disease = 1 cause

- syndrome = variety of CS, aka ‘ palmar heel pain’

32
Q

Dx - navicular syndrome

A
  • ID multiple structures involved in heel pain syndrome:
  • navicular bone
  • navicular bursa
  • DDFT
  • DIPJ
  • collateral ligaments of DIPJ
33
Q

What is navicular bursoscopy?

A
  • sx to address DDFT tear
  • method: enter DDFT sheath, separate ligament that attaches to navicular bursa (T-ligament)
  • 60-70% success rate
34
Q

Signalment - navicular syndrome

A
  • 1/3 chronic TL lameness
  • 6-12 yo horses (i.e. middle aged)
  • taller, lighter breeds (some evidence of hereditary)
35
Q

Presentation - navicular syndrome

A
  • usually bilateral
  • insidious onset
  • occasionally ‘toe first’ gait
  • toe elevation may increase lameness (on ramp)
  • hoof testers (usually negative)
  • positive response to PDNB
  • radiography (advanced changes to detect)
  • advanced imaging
36
Q

How sensitive are radiographs for diagnosis a lameness?

A

not very - 70% yield no diagnosis

37
Q

Outline use of ultrasound for diagnosing foot problem

A
  • limited use for feet

- user dependent

38
Q

Outlien use of nuclear scintigraphy for diagnosing foot problem

A
  • high sensitivity

- low specificity

39
Q

Outline use of CT for diagnosing foot problem

A
  • little information on soft tissue
40
Q

Outline use of MRI for diagnosing a foot problem

A
  • diagnosis in 90% cases

- limited area examined

41
Q

Define DFTS

A

digital flexor tendon sheath

42
Q

What does the PDNB do?

A
  • non-specific block
  • if positive, do further smaller blocks to localise lesion (e.g. navicular bursa)
  • blocks DFTS, navicular bursa, coffin joint/ DIPJ
43
Q

Where should you aim when blocking the DIPJ?

A
  • 1cm below coronary band

- 50% b/w dorsal and palmar aspects of hoof

44
Q

Where might you get indications for navicular bursoscopy? 2

A
  • diagnostic analgesia

- advanced imaging

45
Q

What are osseous cyst-like lesions?

A
  • midline
  • P3 near collateral ligmaent
  • verigy significance (blocks)
  • also in navicular bone, P2
46
Q

Tx - osseous-like cysts

A

VARIABLE:

  • arthroscopy
  • drilling (forage)
  • medication of DIPJ
  • etc.
47
Q

CS - P3 fractures

A
  • acute onset severe lameness
  • d/t exercise, kicking
  • 6 point classification (numerical and descritive)
48
Q

Outline the classification of P3 fractures

A
  1. ) wing, non-articular
  2. ) wing, articular
  3. ) sagittal
  4. ) extensor process
  5. ) comminuted
  6. ) solar margin
49
Q

Dx - type 1 and 2 P3 wing fractures

A
  • may be hard to see on routine radiographs
  • take appropriate oblique projections
  • CT/ MRI if necessary
50
Q

Describe type 3 P3 fractures-

A

narrow well-defined lines of acute fracture

51
Q

Describe type 4 P3 fracture

A
  • involves DIPJ
  • displacement by CDET
  • matched fracture bed and fragment
  • remember extensor process has variable shape, determine if secondary ossification centre versus chip fracture (based on CS, verify need for sx)
52
Q

Tx - fracture of P3

A

varies according to which type (1-6) of fracture

53
Q

Differentiate a hoof cast and a foot cast

A
  • hoof cast only covers hoof

- foot cast covers hoof and rest of foot

54
Q

CS - DIPJ osteoarthritis

A
  • CS can be v subtle
  • look for osteophyte on dorsal aspect and palmar aspect of navicular bone
  • remember 4-5 variations of extensor process
55
Q

Tx - DIPJ osteoarthritis

A
  • intra-articular medication (sodium hyaluronate, corticosteroids, polysulphated GAGs = PSGAGs, IL-1 receptor antagonist protein = irap)
  • prolonged use of NSAIDs
  • corrective farriery
56
Q

What is pedal osteitis?

A

Repetitive concussion leads to chronic inflammation of laminae –> bone resorption (appears as fuzzy edge on radiograph versus sharply define pressure resoprtion seen with hoof capsule keratoma)

Locomotor (31 decks)

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