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Chemistry > Equilibria > Flashcards

Equilibria Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a dynamic equilibrium?

A

A situation in which the composition of a constant concentration reaction mixture does not change because both forward and backward reactions are proceeding at the same rate and continuously.

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2
Q

What is ammonia used to make?

A

Mostly fertilisers like ammonium, nitrate, ammonium sulphate and urea.
Also synthetic fibres, dyes, explosives and plastics (polyurethane).

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3
Q

What process is used to make ammonia?

A

The Haber process.

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4
Q

What raw materials are used in the Haber process?

A

Air - provides N2

Water and natural gas (CH4) - provides H2

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5
Q

What conditions are used in the Haber process?

A

Pressure - 20,000 KPa (200 atmospheres)

Temperature - 670K

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6
Q

How is ammonia made?

A

Nitrogen and hydrogen are fed into a converter with a ratio of 1:3 and is passed over an iron catalyst (lumpy).
Any left over N2 or H2 is fed back into the converter.

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7
Q

Why is the iron catalyst used in the Haber process replaced every 5 years?

A

It gets poisoned due to impurities in the gas stream.

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8
Q

How is ethanol made?

A

Fermentation of sugars like glucose, using yeast as a catalyst.

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9
Q

Give the equation which shows the production of ethanol.

A

C6H12O6(aq) –yeast–> 2C5H5OH(aq) + CO2(g)

Glucose Ethanol

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10
Q

What is ethanol used for?

A

Alcohol, cosmetics, drugs, detergents, inks and motor fuels.

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11
Q

How is ethene obtained from crude oil?

A

Fractional distillation and then cracking.

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12
Q

What catalyst is used in the production of ethanol from ethene?

A

Phosphoric acid catalyst absorbed on silica.

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13
Q

Show the reversible reaction for the production of ethanol.

A

H2C=CH2(g) + H2O(g) 🔄 CH3CH2OH(g) 🔼H*=-46KJmol-

Ethene Ethanol

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14
Q

What conditions are used in the production of ethanol?

A

Pressure - 6500 KPa

Temperature - 570K

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15
Q

What are the problems with applying Le Châteliers principle to achieve a maximum yield in the reversible reaction for the production of ethanol?

A
  • high pressure causes polymerisation if ethene, it is also expensive
  • Low temperature causes a slow rate of reaction
  • Too much steam dilutes the catalyst
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16
Q

What conditions are used in the production of Methanol?

A

Pressure - 1000kPa
Temperature - 500K
Catalyst - Copper

17
Q

What is methanol used for?

A

Starting materials for chemical feedstock
Manufacture of methanal (formaldehyde)
Motor fuel

18
Q

Why is methanol used as a motor fuel?

A

Methanol fires can be extinguished using water.

19
Q

What is methanol made from?

A

Carbon monoxide and hydrogen using a copper catalyst.

20
Q

What’s the symbol equation for the production of methanol?

A

CO(g) + 2H2(g) 🔄 CH3OH(g) 🔼H*=-91kJmol-1

21
Q

What changes Kc?

A

Temperature

22
Q

What conditions are used in the production of ethanol?

A

Temperature: 570K
Pressure: 6500kPa

23
Q

What is methanol commonly used for?

A

Starting material for chemical foodstock

Used to make methanal (formaldehyde)

24
Q

Why is methanol a good motor fuel?

A

Methanol fires can be put out with water, so they’re safer for cars.

25
Q

What raw materials are used to make methanol?

A

Carbon monoxide

Hydrogen

26
Q

What’s the reaction for the reversible reaction of methanol?

A

CO(g) + 2H2(g) 🔄 CH3OH(g) 🔼H* = -91kJmol-1

27
Q

What conditions are used to produce methanol?

A

Temperature: 500K
Pressure: 10 000kPa
Copper catalyst

28
Q

What conditions are required for the fermentation of ethanol?

A

Temperature: 37-40*C
Must be in the presence of oxygen
To enable enzymes in yeast to work

29
Q

What is an equilibrium mixture?

A

The mixture of reactants and products formed when a reversible reaction is allowed to proceed in a closed container until no further change occurs.

30
Q

What is Le Châteliers principle?

A

If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the equilibrium move in the direction that tends to reduce the disturbance.

Chemistry (22 decks)

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