EQ2 Lesson 11 - Hazards + PAR Model

Question 1

What is the definition of a hazard?

Answer 1

Event with potential to threaten life or property

Question 2

Which factors make a hazard a disaster? (UN Definition)

Answer 2

10+ deaths
100+ affected
Government declaration of state emergency
Government request international assistance

Question 3

What does Degg’s model consider?

Answer 3

Relationship of vulnerability + hazard in causation of a disaster

Question 4

Why do people tend to choose to live in areas associated with tectonic activity?

Answer 4

Natural advantages
Poverty
Family
Cheaper land
Research
Deposits of raw materials

Question 5

Define vulnerability

Answer 5

The ability to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from a natural hazard
Also takes location into account

Question 6

Give 3 factors that can increase vulnerability

Answer 6

Ageing infrastructure
Population growth/density
Urbanisation
Lack of experience
Corruption
Environmental degradation

Question 7

Give 3 factors that can decrease vulnerability

Answer 7

Response/warning system
Community initiative
Government assistance programmes
Insurance
Economic wealth + development

Question 8

Define resilience

Answer 8

Ability to protect lives, livelihood and infrastructure from destruction, and to restore areas after a natural hazard has occurred

Question 9

Which factors can result in decreasing resilience?

Answer 9

Rural-urban migration
Unequal trade agreements
Rapid population growth
Lack of skills
Lack of revenue
Unrealistic disaster perception
Foreign debt repayments

Question 10

Which factors can result in increasing resilience?

Answer 10

Good communications
Positive attitudes
Low doctor dependent ratio
Pre-planning
Provision of medical services + supplies
Emergency procedures
Integrated infrastructure
Open political system

Question 11

What is the PAR Model known as in full?

Answer 11

Pressure and Release Model

Question 12

What does each side of the PAR Model consist of?

Answer 12

Left: Progression of Vulnerability
Right: Natural Hazards

Question 13

What does the Progression of Vulnerability section of the PAR Model consist of?

Answer 13

Root Causes
Dynamic Pressures (Contains Macro Forces)
Unsafe Conditions

Question 14

What is a root cause?

Answer 14

Reason for population’s vulnerability

Question 15

What is a dynamic pressure?

Answer 15

Pressures created by root cause

Question 16

Why is the PAR Model said to resemble a nutcracker?

Answer 16

Vulnerability + Hazard apply pressure from opposing sides
Eventually causes disaster (Nut cracking)

Question 17

What is the release idea of the model?

Answer 17

Conceptualises reduction of disaster
To relieve pressure, vulnerability must be reduced