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Infection and Response > EQ'S > Flashcards

EQ'S Flashcards

1
Q

Why are viruses not classed as living organisms?

A

They rely on a host cell to survive and reproduce

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2
Q

State two ways to prevent the spread of a disease transmitted through the air.

A

Catch a sneeze/cough in a tissue

Isolate yourself

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3
Q

Organisms such as bacteria that cause disease are known as what?

[1 mark]

A

Pathogens

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4
Q

What is a disease called that can be transferred from one person to another?

[1 mark]

A

Communicable

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5
Q

A person suffering from measles travels to work by train.
Explain how 10 days later, other people who were on the train may also be suffering from measles

[3 marks]

A
  1. The infected person coughs or sneezes
  2. The virus is transmitted through the air by droplets
  3. The are transmitted from the infected person and inhaled by the healthy people, this infects them
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6
Q

Measles can be fatal if there are complications.
What can be done to prevent someone from developing measles?

[1 mark]

A

They can be vaccinated

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7
Q

What type of drugs can be used to control HIV

A

Antiretroviral drugs

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8
Q

Outline one why a plant affected by TMV cannot grow properly

2 marks

A
  1. The virus kills cells which causes discolouration in lleaves
  2. This stunts growth as it means the plant cannot photosynthesise as well
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9
Q

Describe the appearance of leaves with Rose black spot and state what happens to these leaves

[3 makrs]

A
  1. Rose black spot causes black/purple spots to develop on leaves
  2. This causes them to turn yellow
  3. And drop off
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10
Q

A plant has black rose spot.
Explain why it is important for the leaves with black rose spot to be destroyed after being removed

[1 mark]

A

If they are left, the fungus could be transferred to other living rose plants

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11
Q

Explain why it is necessary to vaccinate poultry from Salmonella?

[2 marks]

A
  1. It prevents the spread of the disease among poultry
  2. This means that the food humans eat will not be contaminated with salmonella bacteria
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12
Q

Name the antibiotic that was originally used to trat people infected with gonorrhoea

[1 mark]

A

Penicillin

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13
Q

Why is penicillin no longer effective against bacterium that cause gonorrhoea?

[1 mark]

A

Strains of the gonorrhoea bacteria hve become resistant to it

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14
Q

Describe how a person develops a natural immunity to a communicable disease like chicken pox

[6 marks]

A
  1. The chicken pox pathogen has protein antigens on its surface
  2. These antigens are detected by the immune system and stimulates lymphocyte white blood cells to produce and release antibodies which bind to antigens and cause them to clump together, the antibodies destroy the antigens
  3. Then the lymphocytes remain in the blood as memory cells
  4. Now, when the case of a secondary infection, the memory cells will be able to produce and release the specific antibodies MORE rapidly to prevent the pathogens from causing cell damage so symptoms of chicken pox do not develop
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15
Q

Describe how a vaccine can stop a person from contracting chicken pox in the future

[3 marks]

A
  1. A dead/inactive form of the chicken pox pathogen is injected into the body-the pathogen has protein antigens on it’s surface
  2. The lymphocytes detect the antigens and this stimulates them to produce and release the specific antibodies to destroy the pathogens
  3. Then the lymphocytes replicate by mitosis and they remain in the blood as memory cells
  4. Now when the same pathogen re-enters the body, the lymphocytes can produce and release the specific antibody MORE rapidly and in larger quantities
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16
Q

If the mumps pathogen enters the body of someone who has had the mumps vaccination, why would they be unlikely to become ill again with mumps?

[1 mark]

A

The memory white blood cells would be able to more rapidly produce and release antibodies and in larger quantities

think what do vaccines do in the end?

17
Q

A large population is vaccinated against a particular pathogen.
Suggest why the spread of the pathogen will be very much reduced

[2 marks]

A
  1. People who are vaccinated against the disease will not catch the disease
  2. Meaning people who aren’t vaccinated are unlikely to catch the disease as there are less people
    to spread it to
18
Q

A traveller wants to travel to a country where there has been a recent outbreak of a communicable disease
Give two reasons why it would be beneficial that they get a vaccination

[2 marks]

A
  1. It will prevent the traveller from catching the disease when they travel
  2. And so they will not spread the disease to other people when they go back to their home country
19
Q

Some countries insist that travellers are vaccinated before they allowed to enter their country

Suggest why

A

It prevents anyone from brining certain disease to the country

20
Q

Explain why painkillers would not be used to cure a bacterial infection?

[2 marks]

A

It is unable to kill pathogens
it only treats symptoms by relieving pain

21
Q

What is meant by antibiotic resistant bacteria?

[1 mark]

A

When an antibiotic is overused and so strains of the bacteria evolve and become resistant
So they are not killed by the antibiotic

22
Q

Suggest two reasons why peer reviewing is done is necessary at the end of a clinical trial?

[2 marks]

A
  1. To help check that the work is valid
  2. To prevent false claims
23
Q

Suggest why it is important that the scientists carrying out a peer review of clinical trials have no links to the people who carried out the original trials

[2 marks]

A
  1. To prevent them showing bias in their analysis
  2. To prevent them from supporting results that were not valid
24
Q

Explain how increased phagocytosis will help a patient

[2 marks]

A

The pathogens will be engulfed and ingested by the phagocytes and destroyed by the enzymes that the phagocyte produces more quickly
This means that there will be less damage to cells and so symptoms will not develop

25
Q

Explain how monoclonal antibodies and fluorescent dye can be used to see pathogens on a microscope slide

[3 marks]

A

Bind the monoclonal antibodies to the fluoresenct dye
Then place the fluorescent monoclonal onto the microscope slide with the pathogen
The monoclonal antibodies are specific to the binding site on the protein antigens on the pathogen, so they will bind to the pathogen and allow it to be seen under the microscope

26
Q

A student has some chicken for lunch.
The chicken contains protein
Describe how proteins are digested

[3 marks]

A
  1. The protein molecules are taken to the stomach where the protease is produced
  2. The protease enzyme will break down the proteins into amino acids
  3. The protease enzyme works optimally in acidic conditios

Infection and Response (13 decks)

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