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Histology block 2 > Epithelium > Flashcards

Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

name the functions of epithelium (7)

A

protection, absorption, secretion (glands), transcellular transport, sensation, contractility

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2
Q

components of basement membrane (3)

A

basal lamina, reticular fibers, hemidesmosomes

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3
Q

what composes the basal lamina (3)

A

type IV collagen , laminin, proteoglycans

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4
Q

what are reticular fibers made from

A

type III collagen

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5
Q

which cells generate hemidesmosomes and basal lamina?

A

epithelial cells

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6
Q

which cells generate reticular fibers?

A

the underlying connective tissue

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7
Q

what is unique about the basement membrane in renal glomerular cells?

A

two basal laminae

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8
Q

functions of basal lamina (3)

A

gives polarity to cells resting on it, forms a boundary between tissues, attaches epithelial to connective tissue

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9
Q

what is important about the function of basal lamina forming a boundary between tissues?

A

restricts the epithelial cells from entering the connective tissue and protects against tumor invasion/mets

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10
Q

why are epithelial cells associated with increased risk of cancer, especially later in life?

A

continuous renewal of epithelial cells makes them susceptible to malignancy

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11
Q

what are the 3 general regions of an epithelial cell?

A

apical, lateral, basal

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12
Q

where do epithelial cells get their nutrients?

A

epithelial cells are avascular, get nutrients from underlying connective tissue

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13
Q

what gives epithelial cells their “polyhedral” shape?

A

little extracellular space (tight packing)

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14
Q

what is “lamina propria”?

A

type of connective tissue

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15
Q

where is lamina propria found?

A

digestive, respiratory and urinary systems

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16
Q

describe tight junctions (zonula occludens)

A

near the apical side of the cell, prevent passive flow of material between epithelial cells

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17
Q

name some pathogens that attack the zonula occludens

A

h. pylori and c. perfinges

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18
Q

describe the zonula adherens

A

hold adjacent cells together, usually under ZO, encircle entire cell

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19
Q

describe macula adherens

A

cell-to-cell attachments, made of intermediate filaments, facilitated by cadherins (CAMs)

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20
Q

what is another name for macula adherens?

A

desmosome

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21
Q

in which types of cells would you expect lots of macula adherens?

A

epithelial exposed to high physical stress

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22
Q

describe gap junctions

A

patch of connexons that are intracellular channels for the flow of substances between cells

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23
Q

what are gap junctions most permeable to?(3)

A

cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+

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24
Q

what are terminal bars?

A

appearance of ZO and ZA under LM is described as “terminal bar”

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25
Q

what are hemidesmosomes?

A

part of basement membrane, connect cell to basal lamina, binding is facilitated by integrins

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26
Q

what is the primary purpose of microvilli?

A

increase SA for absorption

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27
Q

what are microvilli composed of?

A

actin core that is linked to the terminal web via intermediate filaments

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28
Q

what is the terminal web composed of?

A

web of microfilaments at the apical end of a cell

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29
Q

describe the “brush border”

A

thick layer of glycocalyx associated with microvilli, contains digestive enzymes

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30
Q

what are stereocilia?

A

longer, more branched microvilli

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31
Q

what are the main functions of stereocilia?

A

absorption (epididymis) and mechanosensation (inner ear)

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32
Q

what are stereo cilia composed of?

A

actin bundles and glycocalyx coats

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33
Q

what is the primary function of cilia?

A

movement

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34
Q

what are cilia composed of?

A

microtubules (9+2 arrangement) anchored to basal bodies in cytoplasm

35
Q

what determines the classification of an epithelial tissue?

A

the TOP layer

36
Q

define “simple”

A

one layer of cells

37
Q

describe squamous cells

A

flat, thin cells with a pancake shaped nucleus

38
Q

where are squamous cells commonly found?

A

typically line cavities and vessels where the specialize in transport processes

39
Q

describe cuboidal cells

A

equally tall and wide

40
Q

why do cuboidal cells contain lots of mitochondria?

A

they tend to specialize in active transport

41
Q

describe columnar cells

A

taller than they are wide

42
Q

what is the typical function of columnar cells?

A

absorprtion (with microvilli)

43
Q

what organelles are abundant in columnar cells? (2)

A

mitochondria, transport organelles (vesicles)

44
Q

define “stratified”

A

multiple cell layers

45
Q

what is the protective function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protects gainst water loss and microorganisms

46
Q

describe “keratinized”

A

filled with keratin, loss of organelles, helps to block water loss and prevent pathogen entry

47
Q

describe “non-keratinized”

A

allow for movement of water

48
Q

where would you expect to find keratinized epithelium?

A

external structures (skin)

49
Q

where would you expect to find non-keratinized epithelium?

A

cells lining interior cavities

50
Q

describe “transitional” epithelium

A

superficial layer of “dome-like”/”umbrella” cells

51
Q

where is transitional epithelium located?

A

lumens of urinary system

52
Q

what happens to the appearance of transitional epithelial cells when the vessel they line is full?

A

they appear more flat

53
Q

described pseduostratified

A

only one cell layer, but it looks like it is stratified because the nuclei are at different levels and not all of the cell penetrate to the apical side of the cell

54
Q

name a unicellular gland

A

goblet cell

55
Q

what do goblet cells secrete?

A

mucin by exocytosis (mucin then interacts with water in the lumen to form mucus)

56
Q

what is the typical appearance of a goblet cell?

A

RER localized to basal side, nucleus and large golgi, apical end filled with mucins in sec granules

57
Q

contrast endocrine vs. exocrine glands

A

endocrine glands secrete hormones into blood, exocrine glands have ducts and secrete substances onto surfaces

58
Q

define “simple gland”

A

unbranched duct

59
Q

name the types of simple glands discussed (5)

A

tubular, branched tubular, coiled tubular, acinar, branched acinar

60
Q

define “compound gland”

A

branched duct

61
Q

name the types of compound ducts discussed (3)

A

tubular, acinar, tubuloacinar

62
Q

describe a merocrine gland

A

secretes products via exocytosis

63
Q

describe a holocrine gland

A

secretion via cell death and product release

64
Q

describe an apocrine gland

A

secretion via loss of a large membrane-enclosed portion of apical cyptoplasm

65
Q

give and example of a merocrine gland

A

salivary gland

66
Q

give and example of a holocrine gland

A

sebaceous gland

67
Q

give and example of a apocrine gland

A

mammary gland

68
Q

define dysplasia

A

change in cell shape/size/organization (pre-cancerous)

69
Q

define hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

70
Q

define hypertrophy

A

increase in size of cells

71
Q

define hypoplasia

A

decreased number of cells

72
Q

define hypotrophy

A

decreased size of cells

73
Q

define pleomorphism

A

many different cell sizes/shapes

74
Q

define anaplasia

A

loss of differentiation of a given cell type (neoplastic cells are less differentiated than expected)

75
Q

define metaplasia

A

change from one cell or tissue type to another secondary to physical or chemical stress

76
Q

describe Barrett’s Esophagus

A

change in the lower esophagus to a gastric-like epithelium secondary to chronic acid exposure (intestinal metaplasia)

77
Q

define papilloma

A

benign tumor from surface epithelium

78
Q

define adenoma

A

benign tumor form glandular epithelium

79
Q

define carcinoma

A

malignant tumor from surface epithelium

80
Q

define adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor from glandular epithelium

81
Q

how does mitotic activity relate to malignancy

A

increased mitotic activity, increased malignancy

82
Q

define “invasion”

A

ability to reach the basal lamina

83
Q

what shape are the nuclei of cuboidal cells?

A

spherical

Histology block 2 (9 decks)

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