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Histology block 2 > connective tissue > Flashcards

connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what does loose connective tissue move along in the ECM

A

fibronectin and collagen

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2
Q

what determines whether a CT is classified as loose or dense?

A

the density of collagen fibers

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3
Q

describe reticular CT

A

type of loose CT with lots of reticular fibers

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4
Q

where is reticular CT found?

A

lymphatic organs (nodes, spleen, thymus), liver, kidney

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5
Q

what is another name for loose CT?

A

areolar tissue

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6
Q

where is lamina propria found?

A

underlying mucous membranes

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7
Q

what immune cells are seen in loose CT of mucous membranes?

A

plasma cells, macrophages and lymphocytes

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8
Q

what type of stain will allow best visualization of reticular fibers?

A

silver stain

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9
Q

where is loose CT found?

A

beneath epithelia and around glands

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10
Q

explain the differences regarding collagen in loose vs. dense CT

A

in loose CT, there is sparse collagen.

in dense CT, there is more collagen and collagen fibers are visible and are larger in diameter

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11
Q

how are dense, regular CT fibers arranged?

A

fibers are oriented parallel to each other

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12
Q

what type of CT are tendons?

A

dense, regular CT

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13
Q

where are the fibroblasts nuclei located?

A

fibroblast nuclei are flat and between the fibers

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14
Q

why does dense, regular CT appear wavy on slide?

A

secondary to fixation, in vivo, they are taut and straight

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15
Q

what type of CT is the cornea? what arrangement?

A

cornea is dense, regular CT in alternating layers at right angles

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16
Q

what type of CT are aponeuroses? what arrangement?

A

dense, regular CT in perpendicularly arranged layers of collagen

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17
Q

what type of CT are ligaments?

A

dense, regular CT

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18
Q

what 2 fiber types are in ligaments?

A

collagen and elastic

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19
Q

what does the structure of dense, regular CT convey?

A

tensile strength

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20
Q

where is dense, regular CT found?

A

ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, cornea

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21
Q

which CT is associated with amorphous ECM?

A

loose connective tissue

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22
Q

what substances are prevalent in amorphous ECM?

A

proteoglycans and fibronectin

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23
Q

which is more cellular, loos or dense CT?

A

loose CT is more cellular

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24
Q

what is the arrangement of collagen in dense, irregular CT?

A

thick, ropey collagen with irregular arrangment

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25
Q

what does the structure of loose, irregular CT convey?

A

strength and flexibility

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26
Q

describe the vascularity for the 3 types of CT discussed

A

loose CT- well vascularized, dense/regular CT- avascular, dense/irregular CT- well vascularized

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27
Q

what type of CT is often found above dense, irregular CT?

A

loose CT

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28
Q

where are 2 areas that dense, irregular CT is found?

A

dermis and submucosa of intestine

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29
Q

what are the “resident cells”? (5)

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells

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30
Q

from what embryonic cells are fibroblasts derived?

A

mesenchymal cells

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31
Q

name the 2 main fxns of macrophages

A

phagocytosis and antigen presentation to lymphocytes

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32
Q

from what are macrophages derived?

A

monocytes

33
Q

what organelles are large in fibroblasts? (2)

A

golgi and RER due to constitutive secretion of collagen

34
Q

what are the functions of mast cells? (2)

A

release granules during inflammation and allergic reactions

35
Q

what is contained by mast cell granules?

A

proteoglycans (heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, anticoagulant), histamine, vasodilator, ECF-A (attracts eosinophils)

36
Q

describe the meaning of “metachromatic granules”

A

granules are basophilic, but can appear red rather than blue due to GAGs

37
Q

describe the role of the mast cell in inflammation (2)

A

release vasodilators, trigger infiltration of leukocytes

38
Q

describe the role of chemoattractants in inflammation

A

activate endothelial cells so that neutrophils and eosinophils attach to endothelium

39
Q

what are the 2 chemoattractants discussed?

A

neutrophil chemotactic factor & eosinophil chemotactic factor

40
Q

what are the steps in neutrophil adhesion/migration? (5)

A

attachment, rolling, activation, strengthening of adhesion, migration/diapedesis into CT

41
Q

what mediates the progression of neutrophil adhesion and migration?

A

sequential expression of cell adhesion molecules on neutrophils and endothelial cells

42
Q

describe leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

genetic lack of beta-integrins, results in frequent infections because the leukocytes account center connective tissue

43
Q

Describe the role of neutrophils in the connective tissue

A

only blood cells seen in CT during inflammation, phagocytize bacteria and destroy them with lysosomal enzymes

44
Q

role of eosinophils in connective tissue

A

release granules during allergic reactions and parasitic infections also phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes

45
Q

describe the role of basophils in CT

A

present in allergic reactions, secrete granules similar to mast cell granules

46
Q

in what types of CT are lymphocytes always found?

A

lymphocytes are always found in CT underlying epithelia that is continually exposed to microorganisms and foreign antigens, like the resp and GI tracts

47
Q

what accounts for the enlarged cytoplasm in b-cells?

A

large golgi due to antibody production

48
Q

what is the m/c type of adipose tissue in adults?

A

white

49
Q

when is brown adipose tissue present?

A

fetal period, infancy, decreasing with age

50
Q

functions of adipose tissue (4)

A

energy storage, secretion of hormones, insulation, cushioning

51
Q

hormones secreted by adipocytes (4)

A

leptin, angiotensinogen, steroid hormones, growth factors

52
Q

what is leptin?

A

leptin is a circulating satiety factor

53
Q

what does angiotensinogen do?

A

increases blood pressure

54
Q

name the growth factors secreted by adipocytes (4)

A

TGF-alpha, TGF-beta, IGF-1, cytokines

55
Q

describe the structure and function of ghrelin

A

ghrelin is a GI peptide hormone, acts as an appetite stimulant

56
Q

what is the activity of ghrelin?

A

gherkin acts on the pituitary to trigger release of growth hormone, also works on hypothalamus to stimulate hunger

57
Q

what syndrome has overproduction of ghrelin?

A

Prader-Willi Syndrome

58
Q

what is the chromosomal abnormality in Prader-Willi Syndrome?

A

deletion of the long arm of paternal chromosome 15

59
Q

what are the symptoms of prader-willi syndrome?

A

overeating and morbid obesity

60
Q

what is Peptide YY?

A

GI peptide, appetite suppressant

61
Q

what is the action of peptide YY?

A

acts as a satiety factor through hypothalamus

62
Q

what is leptin?

A

leptin is a satiety factor secreted by fat cells

63
Q

what does leptin act on?

A

leptin acts on the hypothalamus

64
Q

what does leptin deficiency in mice cause?

A

genetic morbid obesity

65
Q

what are leptin levels like in obese humans?

A

leptin levels are high in obese humans, but they do not respond to it

66
Q

why is it proposed that obese humans do not respond to leptin?

A

thought to be an protective measure against weight loss during food deprivation

67
Q

where does insulin act on the brain?

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

what is amylin?

A

hormone from pancreatic beta cells with insulin

69
Q

what does amylin do?

A

slows gastric emptying and suppresses increase in blood sugar

70
Q

what is used to stain fat cells?

A

fat soluble dyes like oil red O

71
Q

from what embryonic cells do fat cells arise?

A

mesenchymal cells

72
Q

what transcription factor plays a major role in the differentiation of fat cells?

A

PPAR-Gamma

73
Q

where are early lipoblasts found?

A

along small blood vessels

74
Q

describe a mature adiposite

A

single layer lipid inclusion surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm, spherical, large (100 um)

75
Q

is lipid membrane bound?

A

no

76
Q

what controls the differentiation of brown adiposites?

A

norepinephrine

77
Q

what is the source of heat in brown fat?

A

heat results from expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UPC-1)

78
Q

what stimulates heat production from brown fat?

A

sympathetic nervous system

79
Q

name the specific ligands involved in leukocyte adhesion/migration (3)

A

selections, PECAM-1, integrins/ICAMs

Histology block 2 (9 decks)

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