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Histology block 2 > connective tissue > Flashcards

connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what does loose connective tissue move along in the ECM

A

fibronectin and collagen

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2
Q

what determines whether a CT is classified as loose or dense?

A

the density of collagen fibers

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3
Q

describe reticular CT

A

type of loose CT with lots of reticular fibers

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4
Q

where is reticular CT found?

A

lymphatic organs (nodes, spleen, thymus), liver, kidney

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5
Q

what is another name for loose CT?

A

areolar tissue

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6
Q

where is lamina propria found?

A

underlying mucous membranes

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7
Q

what immune cells are seen in loose CT of mucous membranes?

A

plasma cells, macrophages and lymphocytes

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8
Q

what type of stain will allow best visualization of reticular fibers?

A

silver stain

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9
Q

where is loose CT found?

A

beneath epithelia and around glands

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10
Q

explain the differences regarding collagen in loose vs. dense CT

A

in loose CT, there is sparse collagen.

in dense CT, there is more collagen and collagen fibers are visible and are larger in diameter

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11
Q

how are dense, regular CT fibers arranged?

A

fibers are oriented parallel to each other

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12
Q

what type of CT are tendons?

A

dense, regular CT

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13
Q

where are the fibroblasts nuclei located?

A

fibroblast nuclei are flat and between the fibers

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14
Q

why does dense, regular CT appear wavy on slide?

A

secondary to fixation, in vivo, they are taut and straight

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15
Q

what type of CT is the cornea? what arrangement?

A

cornea is dense, regular CT in alternating layers at right angles

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16
Q

what type of CT are aponeuroses? what arrangement?

A

dense, regular CT in perpendicularly arranged layers of collagen

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17
Q

what type of CT are ligaments?

A

dense, regular CT

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18
Q

what 2 fiber types are in ligaments?

A

collagen and elastic

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19
Q

what does the structure of dense, regular CT convey?

A

tensile strength

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20
Q

where is dense, regular CT found?

A

ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, cornea

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21
Q

which CT is associated with amorphous ECM?

A

loose connective tissue

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22
Q

what substances are prevalent in amorphous ECM?

A

proteoglycans and fibronectin

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23
Q

which is more cellular, loos or dense CT?

A

loose CT is more cellular

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24
Q

what is the arrangement of collagen in dense, irregular CT?

A

thick, ropey collagen with irregular arrangment

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25
what does the structure of loose, irregular CT convey?
strength and flexibility
26
describe the vascularity for the 3 types of CT discussed
loose CT- well vascularized, dense/regular CT- avascular, dense/irregular CT- well vascularized
27
what type of CT is often found above dense, irregular CT?
loose CT
28
where are 2 areas that dense, irregular CT is found?
dermis and submucosa of intestine
29
what are the "resident cells"? (5)
fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells
30
from what embryonic cells are fibroblasts derived?
mesenchymal cells
31
name the 2 main fxns of macrophages
phagocytosis and antigen presentation to lymphocytes
32
from what are macrophages derived?
monocytes
33
what organelles are large in fibroblasts? (2)
golgi and RER due to constitutive secretion of collagen
34
what are the functions of mast cells? (2)
release granules during inflammation and allergic reactions
35
what is contained by mast cell granules?
proteoglycans (heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, anticoagulant), histamine, vasodilator, ECF-A (attracts eosinophils)
36
describe the meaning of "metachromatic granules"
granules are basophilic, but can appear red rather than blue due to GAGs
37
describe the role of the mast cell in inflammation (2)
release vasodilators, trigger infiltration of leukocytes
38
describe the role of chemoattractants in inflammation
activate endothelial cells so that neutrophils and eosinophils attach to endothelium
39
what are the 2 chemoattractants discussed?
neutrophil chemotactic factor & eosinophil chemotactic factor
40
what are the steps in neutrophil adhesion/migration? (5)
attachment, rolling, activation, strengthening of adhesion, migration/diapedesis into CT
41
what mediates the progression of neutrophil adhesion and migration?
sequential expression of cell adhesion molecules on neutrophils and endothelial cells
42
describe leukocyte adhesion deficiency
genetic lack of beta-integrins, results in frequent infections because the leukocytes account center connective tissue
43
Describe the role of neutrophils in the connective tissue
only blood cells seen in CT during inflammation, phagocytize bacteria and destroy them with lysosomal enzymes
44
role of eosinophils in connective tissue
release granules during allergic reactions and parasitic infections also phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
45
describe the role of basophils in CT
present in allergic reactions, secrete granules similar to mast cell granules
46
in what types of CT are lymphocytes always found?
lymphocytes are always found in CT underlying epithelia that is continually exposed to microorganisms and foreign antigens, like the resp and GI tracts
47
what accounts for the enlarged cytoplasm in b-cells?
large golgi due to antibody production
48
what is the m/c type of adipose tissue in adults?
white
49
when is brown adipose tissue present?
fetal period, infancy, decreasing with age
50
functions of adipose tissue (4)
energy storage, secretion of hormones, insulation, cushioning
51
hormones secreted by adipocytes (4)
leptin, angiotensinogen, steroid hormones, growth factors
52
what is leptin?
leptin is a circulating satiety factor
53
what does angiotensinogen do?
increases blood pressure
54
name the growth factors secreted by adipocytes (4)
TGF-alpha, TGF-beta, IGF-1, cytokines
55
describe the structure and function of ghrelin
ghrelin is a GI peptide hormone, acts as an appetite stimulant
56
what is the activity of ghrelin?
gherkin acts on the pituitary to trigger release of growth hormone, also works on hypothalamus to stimulate hunger
57
what syndrome has overproduction of ghrelin?
Prader-Willi Syndrome
58
what is the chromosomal abnormality in Prader-Willi Syndrome?
deletion of the long arm of paternal chromosome 15
59
what are the symptoms of prader-willi syndrome?
overeating and morbid obesity
60
what is Peptide YY?
GI peptide, appetite suppressant
61
what is the action of peptide YY?
acts as a satiety factor through hypothalamus
62
what is leptin?
leptin is a satiety factor secreted by fat cells
63
what does leptin act on?
leptin acts on the hypothalamus
64
what does leptin deficiency in mice cause?
genetic morbid obesity
65
what are leptin levels like in obese humans?
leptin levels are high in obese humans, but they do not respond to it
66
why is it proposed that obese humans do not respond to leptin?
thought to be an protective measure against weight loss during food deprivation
67
where does insulin act on the brain?
hypothalamus
68
what is amylin?
hormone from pancreatic beta cells with insulin
69
what does amylin do?
slows gastric emptying and suppresses increase in blood sugar
70
what is used to stain fat cells?
fat soluble dyes like oil red O
71
from what embryonic cells do fat cells arise?
mesenchymal cells
72
what transcription factor plays a major role in the differentiation of fat cells?
PPAR-Gamma
73
where are early lipoblasts found?
along small blood vessels
74
describe a mature adiposite
single layer lipid inclusion surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm, spherical, large (100 um)
75
is lipid membrane bound?
no
76
what controls the differentiation of brown adiposites?
norepinephrine
77
what is the source of heat in brown fat?
heat results from expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UPC-1)
78
what stimulates heat production from brown fat?
sympathetic nervous system
79
name the specific ligands involved in leukocyte adhesion/migration (3)
selections, PECAM-1, integrins/ICAMs

Histology block 2 (9 decks)

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